Memory
Name and describe the two types of amnesia
What is retrograde amnesia (forgetting past memories) and anterograde amnesia (cannot form new memories)?
Name the role of the amygdala.
what is it controls the feelings of stress response or fear?
List some of the risk factors of anxiety
what are... Women, family history, high stress, bad sleeping habits, SES, substance abuse, and depression?
These two regions are highly involved in reward circuitry.
What is: nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area
Two effects that can be caused by concussions.
What is: long-range axon damage and excessive glutamate transmission (excitotoxicity)
Name the different categories of memory
What is declarative memory (semantic and autobiographical) and non-declarative memory (emotional learning, motor learning, and conditioning)?
Name the brain regions associated with the stress response.
What is the amygdala, hippocampus, and HPA axis (hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal glands)?
Name/s of MAOIs
What is: Emsam, Nardil, Marplan
True or false: Enjoyment is a component of reward.
What is false?
What roles does vasopressin play in males?
What is... vasopressin promotes dominance and aggression, but is also important for mate bonding.
After the memory consolidation process, this part of the brain is no longer required.
What is the hippocampus?
Describe the neural differences between motivation and pleasure.
What is motivation is related to dopamine transmission, whereas pleasure is related to endogenous opioid transmission?
How do benzodiazepines help the treatment of anxiety disorders?
What is by binding to GABA receptors, it’s easier for the receptors to allow chlorine to pass so its effectiveness increases
The neurological basis of "liking" occurs when this neurotransmitter releases onto this brain area.
What are: endogenous opioids and the nucleus accumbens
The name of the receptor that can be expressed after a stroke that limits recovery and plasticity
What is: CCR5
Describe what would occur if a rat with a damaged hippocampus underwent the Morris Water Maze.
What is the rat would take the same amount of time to find the hidden platform in each subsequent trial?
Describe the three theories of emotion.
What is:
1) Cannon-Bard theory- states that feeling emotion is independent of the physiological response
2) James-Lange model- says feeling emotions is the perception of physiological changes which causes an emotional reaction
3) Singer-Schachter model- believes our feelings are influenced by the physiological changes and our knowledge about the stimulus?
Define the monoamine hypothesis.
What is that mood disorders may come from the dysfunction of one of the monoamine neurotransmitter systems?
What two receptors are involved in LTP and why are they important?
What are... AMPA receptors depolarize the postsynaptic neuron, and more of these receptors are added by CAMKII. NMDA receptors allow for the influx of Ca++ in the postsynaptic neuron, which allows for the activation of CAMKII.
Compare and contrast SSRIs and MAOIs
Compare: both are used to treat depression, both act on serotonin and work to increase amount of serotonin in cleft
Contrast: MAOIs act on the enzyme MAO in the presynaptic neuron, SSRIs act on the serotonin transporter
Let's say patient E.P was given a piano, which they've never played before their accident. After a couple of lessons, what would EP's progress be?
What is: Patient EP would get better at playing over the next few lessons, but wouldn't be able to recall the lesson from the day before?
Prairie voles are a monogamous species, whereas Montane voles are polygamous. Describe the brain differences you would expect to see
What is prairie voles would have a higher density of oxytocin and vasopressin receptors in the brain?
According to the Neurotrophic model, what kind of difference do we see in depressed individuals' brains?
What is reduced volume in the PFC and the hippocampus?
Why is LTP important in memory formation?
What is... LTP strengthens the connection between neurons, which makes memory traces stronger. Gene expression makes synaptic changes more permanent.
Distinguish between the anterior and posterior pituitary glands
Anterior: receives hormones from the hypothalamus via portal system, contains hormone-secreting cells
Posterior: hypothalamic neurons extend to blood vessels, letting vasopressin and oxytocin release directly into blood stream