Places
The one-time capital of Spanish Texas, home to many settlers before it was evacuated at the recommendation of the Marquis de Rubi in 1773
Los Adaes
When this explorer returned to Mexico City, after an 8-year long journey, people were astonished– in 1542, he wrote a book about his experiences as well as the lands & people he had encountered
Cabeza de Vaca
A town founded by settlers who were given permission to move back to East Texas– it was their second attempt at a new settlement
Nacogdoches
A filibusters is a person who enters a foreign country or territory to start or support this
Political Revolution / Rebellion
The goals of the Spanish missions were to establish a Spanish foothold in the territories and to convert this group of people to Catholicism and the Spanish way of life
Native Americans
This was the name given to Spanish military bases, occupied by soldiers and commanders, stocked with military equipment and horses
Presidios
When this city was taken by Hernan Cortes in 1521, it signaled the end of the Aztec Empire and the rise of the Spanish colony of New Spain
Tenochtitlan
This conquistador was the original leader of the expedition Cabeza de Vaca was part of– he died, likely by drowning, off the Texas coast
Panfilo de Narvaez
Francisco Coronado and his men became the first Europeans to see some of the most amazing sights in North America– the Grand Canyon, Palo Duro Canyon, the Llano Estacado– and yet, his expedition was considered a failure because he did not find:
Gold, silver and other treasure
Arriving in Galveston in 1817 with 300 men, this filibuster would end up dying just outside of the presidio La Bahia, after attempting to force the Spanish garrison there to surrender
Henry Perry
Built in 1718, it would be just the first in a series of missions and presidios built along a river that would grow into a sophisticated settlement in central Texas
San Antonio de Valero
Term used to describe a person born in the colony of New Spain, who was of Spanish descent
Creole
A presidio that was the site of several filibuster attacks during the Mexican War of Independence
La Bahia
An adventurous Catholic Friar, Marcos de Niza was also known as this, when he was selected by the Spanish Viceroy to lead the expedition to “Cibola” in 1539
Fray Marcos
Native Americans were vulnerable to these, which were brought over by Europeans and decimated the Native American population
Diseases/Viruses
This filibuster was part of several expeditions to Texas, as well as a journey to Washington D.C. to plead for help from the U.S. for the Mexican War of Independence
Jose Gutierrez de Lara
The first mission established in East Texas, it was built in 1690 and abandoned in 1693
San Francisco de los Tejas
Religious communities staffed by missionary priests and religious officials, as well as colonists– and soldiers for protection
Missions
The men of the Coronado Expedition became the first Europeans to see the Grand Canyon, as well as this smaller canyon– called the “Grand Canyon of Texas”, located in the Texas panhandle
Palo Duro Canyon
He and his men worried that taking ships through the Gulf of Mexico was simply unwise– when they tried to walk to Mexico through Texas, they were turned back due to a lack of food
Luis de Moscoso
An extremely long trade route that connected the missions of East Texas with the capital of New Spain
El Camino Real
The town in which Father Miguel de Hidalgo lived before the Mexican War of Independence
Dolores
The first Spanish missions were built in the late 1600s, along the upper regions of this river, a major river that begins in New Mexico and runs along the Texas-Mexico border
Rio Grande
This term was used to refer to individuals who lived in New Spain but were born in Spain, on the continent of Europe
Peninsulares
The capital of New Spain and home of the Spanish Viceroy
Mexico City
Although there is no evidence he ever set foot in Texas, the maps created by this Spaniard would be helpful for the many Spanish explorers and conquistadors who would follow him
Alonso Alvaro de Pineda
The exchange of plants, animals, peoples, and disease– between the Americas and the continents of Europe and Africa is known as this
The Colombian Exchange
While this man never claimed to be a filibuster, he died after battling the Spanish, who were convinced he was not just a horse trader
Philip Nolan
Spanish missions were typically located along these natural landforms, in order for the mission to be able to sustain itself
Bodies of Water
Individuals of Spanish descent, who were born in Texas, were known as this
Tejanos