Social
What did the English Bill of Rights assure English individuals?
civil liberties
What new invention in the 1400s increased literacy in Western Europe?
The Gutenberg printing press
The two ways land-based empires prospered were
What is the centralization of government and collecting tribute?
The religion that was most prominent in the Ottoman Empire was
Which Mughal leader commissioned the Taj mahal and why?
1. Shah Jahan
2. In memory of his wife
What was the basis of educational and vocational opportunities for Indian society?
The caste system
Why were international relations strained between Great Britain and China during the 16th century?
China claimed they did not need British goods, but Britain desperately wanted to trade with China
Which group of landowning aristocrats left Japan in great disarray due to their constant competition for land?
The Daimyo
The main reasons for the Catholic Reformation were
What is corruption among the priests, theological disagreements, and uprisings led by heretics such as Martin Luther and John Calvin?
Name the 4 Gunpowder empires.
Russia, Ottomans, Safavids, Mughals
Why was the result of Emperor Qianlong’s military campaign in the lands west of China?
the mass killing of the local Muslim population, Uighurs
What did Tamerlane use to build a strong government and a lasting legacy in Central Asia?
Gunpowder
What major difference did the French and English governments have in the 15th to 16th centuries?
While Great Britain made a parliament to give the people more civil rights, France became more absolute
Who was the leader who moved against the Orthodox Christian church and abolished the patriarch?
Peter the Great
What two major objections did Martin Luther have regarding practices of the Roman Catholic church? Explain what they were.
1. indulgences, granted a person asbolution from the punishments of sin
2. simony, selling of church offices
What two branches evolved from the split between both Christianity and Islam? (2 for each)
Islam: Sunni & Shi’a
Christianity: Roman Catholic & Eastern Orthodox
Who were the officials under Akbar who were in charge of taxation, construction, and the water supply?
Zamindars
What strategy did King Louis XIV use to ensure that he had absolute power over all his nobles and prevent them from plotting against him?
He kept the nobles living near his palace in Versailles making it difficult for them to plot against him independently
What were the effects of Askia the Great’s pilgrimage to Mecca and his rule over Songhai? (following in the footsteps of Mansa Musa)
1. Promoted Islam along the way
2. Make Islam his empire’s official religion
3. Promoted efficient bureaucracy
How did Peter the Great construct the port of Saint Petersburg in Moscow and what was its importance?
1. It was built by many peasants, prisoners, and serfs who also built Peter’s winter palace.
2. It was a warm water port
What were the two distinct social classes in Russia during Ivan IV’s rule?
1. boyars→ rich and land-owning merchants
2. Peasants→ poor and suffer from the serfdom
What different forms did taxation take in the Mughal, Ottoman, Ming, and Aztec empires and how did they differ?
1. Mughal: tax officers would collect taxes from the peasant class based on land and production
2. Ottoman: appoint tax farmers to pay an annual fixed amount to the central government
3. Ming: paper currency, then rice, then only in silver
4. Aztec: yearly offerings or tributes from surrounding areas
How did rulers of the Ottoman empire collect taxes from their people?
Sultans appointed tax farmers who paid an annual sum of money for a particular area and then received compensation for this sum through salable goods spread out through the year.
What was the thirty year’s war, what did it lead to, and how did it end?
1. It was a religious conflict between the protestants and the Catholics that resulted in a European power struggle
2. It led to economic struggles and famine.
3. It ended with the Peace of Westphalia
What justification did the Ottomans have for taking the Janissaries for their army?
They considered it a sort of “blood tax” or tribute similar to the practice of the Aztecs except without sacrifices