Introduction to Learning
A relatively permanent change in an organism's behaviour due to experience.
What is learning?
A type of learning which an organism comes to associate stimuli.
What is classical conditioning?
Behaviour that operates on the environment, producing consequences.
What is operant conditioning?
Learning from others.
What is observational learning?
Russian physiologist who observed conditioned salivary responses in dogs, classical conditioning
Who is Ivan Pavlov?
In our everyday experiences, these 2 things blend into one continuous process.
What are sensation and perception?
In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.
What is unconditioned response?
In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behaviour it follows.
What is reinforcement?
The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior.
What is modelling?
Researcher famous for work in observational or social learning including the famous Bobo doll experiment
Who is Albert Bandura?
The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.
What is generalisation?
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response.
What is unconditioned stimulus?
An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behaviour toward closer and closer approximations of a desired goal.
What is schedules of reinforcement?
Children learn and mimic adult behavior from observation.
What is the Bobo Doll Experiment?
Pioneer in operant conditioning who discovered concepts in instrumental learning such as the law of effect. Known for his work with cats in puzzle boxes.
Who is Edward Thorndike?
The type of operant conditioning in which a rewarding stimulus is withdrawn from a subject.
What is negative punishment?
In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus (CS).
What is conditioned response?
In operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses.
What is fixed ratio schedule?
These are the four key processes involved in learning from observation and modeling, as proposed by Social Learning Theory.
What is attention, retention, reproduction and motivation?
Studied classical conditioning and its use for treatment of phobias.
Who is Watson & Rayner?
The inhibition of a conditioned association.
What is extinction?
In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS), comes to trigger a conditioned response.
What is conditioned stimulus?
A chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforce, with attached devices to record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking. Used in operant conditioning research.
What is a Skinner's Box?
This term refers to the process by which individuals learn through observing the consequences of others' actions.
What is vicarious reinforcement?
Continued the research in operant conditioning. Use rats and pigeons in his experiments. Looks at schedules of reinforcement.
Who is B.F. Skinner?