Land and Conflict
Religions
Society
Math and Science
Art and Architecture
100
Where is the "holy land" where the Crusades were fought?
Jerusalem, Palestine
100
What was the Great Schism of 1054?
the official split between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches (churches grew apart after Roman Empire divided in half)
100
Where did the lord live on a feudal estate?
The manor house (sometimes built like a castle)
100
Al-Khwarizmi invented what kind of math?
algebra
100
What is "arabesque" art?
intricate patterns using shapes, vines, etc. in Islamic design
200
Who were the Vikings?
People from Scandinavia who attacked and raided European towns to gain resources; great sailors and fighters
200
What are the five pillars of Islam?
Declaration of faith, prayer, alms, fasting, and pilgrimage that all Muslims must follow ("Allah prays for poor hungry, people in Mecca")
200
What does it mean that Islamic society was at a "geographic crossroads"?
it was located between Africa, Europe, and Asia and numerous waterways, making it the center of many trade routes by land and by sea; cities there became major hubs of trade, religion, cultural exchange, and migration
200
What are the four humors?
yellow bile, black bile, phlegm, blood - Europeans thought you got sick because your humors were out of balance
200
What is the name of the church that Justinian built, and where is it located?
Hagia Sophia in Constantinople (Istanbul) (P.S. it became a mosque and now is a museum)
300
What things did the Umayyad Caliphate use to expand?
A strong military and treaties (structure and rules but also religious tolerance, etc.)
300
Name the houses of worship AND sacred texts for all three of the Abrahamic faiths:
Judaism, Synagogue, Torah (and Talmud); Christianity, Church, Bible; Islam, Mosque, Qur'an
300
it was located between Africa, Europe, and Asia and numerous waterways, making it the center of many trade routes by land and by sea; cities there became major hubs of trade, religion, cultural exchange, and migration
Sunni = successor of Muhammad can be elected or chosen (majority today); Shia = successor of Muhammad should be through inheritance
300
How did sailors use the sextant and the astrolabe?
For navigation at sea using the stars! (the sextant is a tool to meaure the position of the stars; the astrolabe looks like a compass but serves as a star chart to calculate location) 
300
What are mosaics, and which cultures use them in their art?
decorative art made of small pieces of stone and glass like a collage; common in ALL THREE (!): Byzantine Empire, Islamic Empire, and Feudal Europe (oh and also the OG Roman Empire)
400
Why did popes and the kings argue so much?
felt they should have most power over land, people, and decision making; both claimed their power was given by god; person with most military support usually won
400
How did Islam (the religion) influence life in the Islamic Caliphates? Explain 2+ reasons.
- Qu'ran encourages the accumulation of knowledge, scholarship, learning
- Islamic law prohibits images of people in art
- Sharia law: Abassid scholars used ideas from the Qu'ran developed this moral and legal code, used by the government
- Caliph = political and religious ruler who was the successor of Muhammad, the founder of Islam and a political leader
400
How were monks and friars different?
monk commits life to the Church, remains celebate, lives in a monastery, secluded from society (like nuns); friar is actually ALSO a monk but travels and interacts with people in different towns and places offering prayers and healing (no women friars)
400
What was the House of Wisdom?
An influential library in Baghdad where scholars from around afro-Eurasia gathered to learn, study, and write (built in the 700s and destroyed by the Mongols in 1258!)
400
What are minarets, and where can they be found?
Tall towers (with spiral staircases and pointed spire) around mosques from which someone (a muezzin) calls Muslims to prayer
500
How did war characterize life in Medieval Europe? Support with 2+ examples.
- lots of soldier deaths
- Crusades united Catholic Europe against the Muslims
- Vikings constantly attacking
- lords and kings constantly fightings
- ongoing wars between countries like the 100 years war between France and England
500
How did the Catholic Church influence Medieval society? Explain 2+ reasons.
- Christians prayed daily, attended services, partook in fairs and festivals, lived out the Seven Sacraments, and
sometmes went on long journeys called Pilgrimages to Holy locatons.
- Roman Catholic clergy were involved in politics, educaton, the sick and needy, and spirituality while monks withdrew
from society and focused, sometmes obsessively, on spiritual matters. Occasionally, friars also helped people in need
or sickness.
- monks did most of the writing, reading, and keeping of libraries
- the first universities were built by the Church
- Many medical responses to illness involved Christianity (ex. assuming pain is God's punishment)
- The Crusades was a holy war called by the Pope
500
How did the feudal system work? Explain overall concept and different roles in the pyramid.
feudalism = system of giving land in exchange for loyalty/service; hierarchy and definitions of (king,) lord, vassal, knight, serf; may describe a feudal estate
500
How was medicine different in the Islamic and European worlds? (Explain 2+ reasons)
Dar al-Islam: more doctor training, hospitals and hygeine, surgery, medical encyclopedias
Christendom: few doctors, inaccurate scientific knowledge (ex. herbal medicine, four humors, leaches), high rate of mortality; could also explain the Black Death
500
What is the difference between Romanesque and Gothic architecture?
romanesque = round arches, domes, thick walls, and small windows
gothic = ribbed vaults, stained glass windows, flying buttresses, pointed arches, and tall spires
