Erikson: Psychosocial Development
What crisis do you face from age 1-3?
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Toddlers learn to exercise their will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities.
Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas, or our basic understanding and knowledge of a certain concept or entity.
An emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to their caregiver and showing distress on separation:
Attachment
Decreasing responsiveness with repeated exposure to a stimulus:
Habituation
A mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned how to navigate the maze:
Cognitive Map
What crisis do we face from ages 3-6?
Initiative vs. Guilt
Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilt about their efforts to be independent
Piaget's first stage that covers life from birth until the age of two, during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.
Sensorimotor Stage
An optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development.
Critical Period
A type of learning in which we link two or more stimuli; as a result, an original stimulus comes to elicit behavior in anticipation of a second stimulus:
Classical Conditioning
A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake:
Intrinsic Motivation
What crisis do we face from our teen years into our 20's?
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are.
People's ideas about their own and other's mental states about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.
Theory of Mind
Demonstrated by infants who display either a clinging, anxious reaction or an avoidant reaction that resists closeness after a period where their caregiver returns from an absence:
Insecure Attachment
The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes:
Behaviorism
Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it:
Latent Learning
What crisis do we have from our 20s to early 40s?
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Young adults struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated.
Formal Operational Stage
Authoritative
Increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response:
Positive Reinforcement
The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or person learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events:
Learned Helplessness
What crisis do we have face from our late 60's until death?
Integrity vs. Despair
Reflecting on their lives, older adults may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure
A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors.
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
According to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers:
Basic Trust
In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals:
Variable-Interval Schedule
The perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate:
External Locus of Control