Physical Development
puberty
the period of sexual maturation, during which a person usually becomes capable of reproducing.
syntax
ordering words and phrases into well-formed sentences in a language
shaping
the process of training a learned behavior that would not normally occur(ex. Training a dog to sit, because they know how to sit but not naturally on command)
conditioned stimulus
when a neutral object, action, or person is connected to a specific response over time
nature vs. nurture
How our genetic inheritance(our nature) interact with our experiences(nurture) influences our development.
object permanence
the awareness that things continue to exist even when they are not perceived. (peek-a-boo)
separation anxiety
A child's generalized fear of being separated from a primary caregiver or other familiar adult.
extinction
the gradual weakening of a conditioned response that results in the behavior decreasing or disappearing
negative reinforcement
the encouragement of certain behaviors by removing or avoiding a negative outcome or stimuli. For example, if a child cleans their room, a parent would reward them by taking away their chores for the week.
Longitudinal
research that follows and retests the same people over time
Critical or sensitive Period
an optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development.
phonemes vs morphemes
phonemes: the smallest units of sound that are recognizable as human speech and make words distinct from one another; morphemes: smallest unit that carries meaning
law of effect
Behaviors followed by reinforcement are more likely to be repeated and behaviors followed by punishments are less likely to be repeated
unconditioned stimulus
a biologically relevant stimulus that naturally elicits a response without prior association or conditioning
Continuous vs. discontinuous (stages)
Continuous: development as cumulative process/changes are gradual. Discontinuous: development takes place in specific steps or stages/changes are sudden
Piaget's Stages (Pronunciation Required)
Jean Piaget created the theory of cognitive development which contains the sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, concrete operational stage, and formal operational stage.
microsystem of ecological systems theory
the immediate environment in which an individual directly interacts with (e.g., family, school)
secondary reinforcer
less biological, e.g. money or grades.
spontaneous recovery
when a behavior that is believed to be extinct unexpectedly and quickly returns after a period of rest or lessened response
Latent learning
learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
teratogen with 3 examples
agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo of fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
describe 4 parenting styles
authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, neglectful
describe operant conditioning with an original example
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describe classical conditioning with an original example
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describe the various attachment styles
secure, insecure, disorganized, anxious, avoidant