Enzyme structure & Function
What is the active site of an enzyme?
where a substrate binds
What is the primary product of photosynthesis?
G3P/Glucose
What is the primary product of cellular respiration?
ATP
What must the cell be missing in order to start fermentation?
O2 - oxygen
How does pH affect enzyme activity?
slows down or stops if too far beyond the optimal range
How does the shape of a substrate relate to enzyme function?
it must match the active site in order for a reaction to occur
Describe the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. (1-2 sentences)
H2O is split to release H+ and electrons which help create a gradient. That gradient is used to generate ATP, which is sent to Calvin cycle. NADPH is made and sent to the calvin cycle.
How is ATP made during glycolysis? (Specific vocab term)
substrate level phosphorylation
Name two products of lactic acid fermentation
1. NAD+
2. Lactic Acid
What affect does low and high temperature have on enzyme function?
low = slow activity
high = none if denatured
Explain the role of enzymes as biological catalysts.
It lowers activation energy, which allows reactions to occur at a liveable rate.
Identify one of the 3 steps of the Calvin cycle that is most affected by photorespiration?
Fixation
Which electron carrier contributes to the most production of ATP during cellular respiration?
NADH
How does fermentation allow glycolysis to continue in the absence of oxygen?
it regenerates NAD+ which is required for glycolysis
Explain how substrate concentration influences the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
Speeds it up to a point, but then a reaction limit will be reached.
What happens to an enzyme when it is denatured?
It unfolds and stops working.
Name the chlorophylls from each photosystem.
P680 - PSII
P700 - PSI
Explain the Krebs cycle and its role in energy production.
Creates NADH and FADH2 to power the ETC which leads to ATP
Describe alcoholic fermentation and 2 of it's applications.
It allows glycolysis to continue in bacteria and yeast.
We use it to make alcohol, breads, and some biofuels.
What are allosteric sites, and how do they affect enzyme activity?
A secondary site where molecules alter the active site, thus the reaction rate
Describe how competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors affect enzyme activity.
competitive inhibitors - block active site and stop activity
noncompetitive inhibitors - bind somewhere else and change active site which stops activity.
How Calvin cycles need to be running at the same time to regenerate 1 molecule of RubP?
3!
What are the class or proteins called that make up the electron transport chain?
Cytochromes/ cytochrome complexes
Where in their cells do yeast perform fermentation, how about bacteria, and which cell type would produce more ATP from their respective processes?
Both are in the cytoplasm and both make 2 ATP in glycolysis.
Discuss the implications of enzyme denaturation on biological processes.
Denaturation would stop biological processes.