Organelles
What is the primary function of the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?
To generate ATP or Chemical Energy for the cell
What are 2 main components of the plasma membrane?
Phospholipids, Proteins, and or cholesterol
Define passive transport, must include 2 main ideas about it.
Transport of nonpolar and small molecules using no energy from high to low concentration.
What is a defining characteristic of prokaryotic cells?
1. No nucleus
2. No membrane bound organelles
Define osmosis in the context of cellular biology.
It is the movement of water into and out of the cells across the cell membrane.
Describe the role of the Golgi apparatus in cellular transport. Make sure to mention where it all goes
The Golgi apparatus is responsible for packaging and modifying proteins and other molecules to be sent to the membrane or outside of the cell.
How does the fluid mosaic model describe the structure of the plasma membrane?
It is fluid because parts are moving inside the membrane, and a mosaic because its made of many different macromolecules.
What is facilitated diffusion and how does it differ from simple diffusion?
Diffusion using a protein channel for large or polar molecules, where as simple diffusion doesn't use proteins and moves small and nonpolar molecules.
Eukaryotic cells use DNA to store genetic information in their nucleus, what do prokaryotes use to store genetic information?
Also DNA
Why does it mean if a solution is hypertonic compared to another solution?
It has more solutes dissolved in it than the other solution.
How do lysosomes contribute to the maintenance of cellular homeostasis?
Lysosomes help maintain homeostasis by getting rid of waste so the cell is not made sick/toxic.
Explain how the plasma membrane acts as a barrier and regulator for cellular transport. Make sure to mention what kind of things can and cannot enter.
The phospholipid bilayer prevents large and polar molecules from entering, and protein channels help specific molecules enter that the cell wants.
Compare and contrast active transport and passive transport mechanisms.
Passive: High to low - no energy, sometimes proteins
Active: Low to high, needs ATP, always uses proteins
What organelle do bacteria (prokaryotes) use to regulate cellular transport?
The cell membrane
What is tonicity?
The measurement of how much solutes are dissolved in a solvent.
Compare the structure and function of the Smooth ER vs the Rough ER
Smooth ER - Membrane bound and filled with enzymes to help detox and make phospholipids
Rough ER - Membrane bound and filled with ribosomes to make proteins.
Discuss 2 roles of membrane proteins in the function of the plasma membrane.
1. Transport channels to move things
2. Cell recognition and cell signaling
Describe the process of endocytosis and its importance to the cell.
Endocytosis is active transport that bends the cell membrane around whatever molecules it needs to take in.
What organelle do prokaryotes use to produce proteins, and where is this organelle found in the prokaryotic cell?
Ribosomes and inside the cytoplasm
How does osmosis differ from simple diffusion? Must give 2 ways it is different.
1. It moves only water
2. It can be done using a protein channel
Explain how the presence of membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotic cells improves their efficiency compared to prokaryotic cells.
If you have membrane bound organelles you can keep all the different actions/and processes separate so enzymes and molecules don't accidentally react with each other.
What role do cholesterol molecules play in the plasma membrane?
It gives the membrane the right amount of fluidity so its not too soft or too rigid.
If a cell without proteins has 60% glucose inside of it, and is dropped into a beaker with 40% glucose solution, What percent of glucose will move across the membrane, and will it be into the cell or out of the cell.
None, glucose can't pass the membrane.
What are 3 things prokaryotes and eukaryotes have in common? (Cannot say they are cells).
1. They contain DNA
2. The contain Ribosomes and proteins
3. They both reproduce asexually.
4. Can use their membrane to regulate cellular transport
A cell contains 65% NaCl and 35% water. It is dropped into beaker containing 35% NaCl and 65% Water.
A) What is the solution in the beaker compared to the cell in terms of tonicity?
B) What will happen to the cells size over the course of a day and explain why?
1) It is hypotonic
2) it will swell due to influx of water