Sections 1-2
What is the smallest unit of life?
The cell
What cell division process involves two nuclear divisions and produces haploid daughter cells?
meiosis
What type of macromolecule is DNA?
Nucleic Acid
What is the longest phase of the cell cycle?
Interphase
The ribosome is the site of what process?
Protein synthesis
What are 2 characteristics of a prokaryotic cell?
Varies. Small, simple, unicellular, etc.
What are the phases of meiosis in order?
prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I THEN prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II
Adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine
What process do somatic cells do to reproduce?
mitosis
What is the central dogma of biology?
DNA to RNA to Protein
What are 3 characteristics of a eukaryotic cell?
Varies. Has a nucleus, large, complex, can be multicellular, animals-plants-fungi, etc
What is it called when the homologous pairs fail to separate correctly during anaphase? this is a type of chromosomal disorder
nondisjunction
What enzyme breaks the hydrogen bonds between the base pairs for replication?
helicase
What event, contributing to genetic variation, does not occur in prophase of mitosis but does occur in prophase I of meiosis?
crossing over
What process uses RNA polymerase?
Transcription
What organelle is responsible for processing and packaging of lipids?
Smooth ER
What phase of meiosis do the sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cell?
Metaphase II (has to be specific)
DNA condenses into 46 chromosomes in what kind of cell?
Human somatic cell
What are the phases of Interphase in order!
G1, S, G2
What molecule reads mRNA strands with an anticodon and deposits amino acids?
tRNA
What are the four requirements to be considered a cell?
cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosome, and DNA
What is trisomy of the 21st chromosome called?
Down Syndrome
Replicate the following strand of DNA: ATTGCAGGCCTAG
TAACGTCCGGATC
What does mitosis produce? Specific!
two genetically identical somatic daughter cells
Explain how translation works.
The mRNA brings the message (read from DNA) from the nucleus to the ribosome. In the ribosome tRNA molecules read the codons on the mRNA using their anticodon. When the tRNA matches with a segment of mRNA it deposits an amino acid and then leaves the ribosome. This continues until it reaches the stop codon. Then the amino acid chain aka the protein leaves the ribosome and goes to the ER, then the golgi, and then finally goes to wherever it is needed.