Stages & Studies
This type of research compares people of different ages at one point in time.
What is cross-sectional research?
This type of attachment is shown when a child uses the parent as a secure base.
What is secure attachment?
This is Piaget’s first stage, where infants learn through senses and actions.
What is the sensorimotor stage?
Learning through associations, as shown by Pavlov’s dogs.
What is classical conditioning?
Giving a reward to increase behavior.
What is positive reinforcement?
Harmful agents that can cross the placenta and impact prenatal development.
What are teratogens?
Parenting style that is demanding and responsive.
What is authoritative parenting?
Understanding that objects continue to exist even when not seen.
What is object permanence?
The unlearned response to a stimulus, like salivating to food.
What is an unconditioned response?
Removing something unpleasant to increase behavior.
What is negative reinforcement?
This developmental psychologist proposed eight psychosocial stages.
Who is Erik Erikson?
The tendency to feel distressed when separated from a caregiver.
What is separation anxiety?
Vygotsky's idea of what a learner can do with guidance.
What is the zone of proximal development (ZPD)?
Learning by watching others.
What is observational learning?
A schedule where behavior is reinforced after a varying amount of time.
What is a variable-interval schedule?
Research that follows the same group of people over a long period.
What is longitudinal research?
This term describes a person’s sense of self.
What is identity?
A child in this stage can perform mental operations on concrete objects.
What is the concrete operational stage?
A learned tendency to respond to a specific stimulus but not to others.
What is stimulus discrimination?
This occurs when animals revert to instinctive behaviors.
What is instinctive drift?
The stage of development between childhood and adulthood.
What is adolescence?
According to Marcia, this identity status involves active exploration but no commitment yet.
What is moratorium?
Adjusting a schema to fit new information.
What is accommodation?
A mental representation of the layout of an environment.
What is a cognitive map?
Learning that occurs but is not immediately demonstrated.
What is latent learning?