Agriculture & Trade
written contracts used instead of coins for trade
How were products made?
by hand or with simple tools
Name 2 of the largest cities in the middle ages
Paris, Bruges, Florence, Venice
name the 3 categories of crises that happened in the middle ages
1. An agricultural crisis
2. Social tensions and revolts
3. .The Black Death
What were the two main trade routes?
Mediterranean route
Atlantic and Baltic route
What did masters have to do before becoming a master?
make a masterpiece
What were the three main reasons for the growth of cities?
agricultural innovations, escapre from serfdom, and trade
Why did farming soils become poor?
Because of the intensive farming to meet the population needs
Explain why agriculture advancements led to a growth in population
reduced famine and improved people’s health
How could women become part of a guild?
if they were widowed, they could sometimes take their husband's place
Which populations lived separate to the rest of the city population? Why?
The muslim and jewish population because of their religion.
What were the exact dates of when the Black death happened?
1347 and 1352
Heavy plough, Irrigation, Three-field crop rotation, windmill and watermills, new crops (citrus & rice)
Name the three categories of artisans and what they did / who they were
Masters - owners of the workshop, the tools and the raw materials
Journeymen- young men who worked for different masters and received a salary
Apprentices- young people who worked for a master artisan for no salary
What is a charter?
Granted by the monarch to a city. It was a legal document that established self-government for a city and specified its rights and privileges
Which was the longest and most destructive social conflict? Who was it betwen?
The Hundred Years War. Betweend England and France
Name the products being traded in the Mediterranean route vs the Atlantic and Baltic route
Mediterranean- Europeans imported luxury items such as perfumes, silk, porcelain and spice. They exported textiles and weapons.
Atlantic & Baltic- Spanish and English wool; French wine; English tin; and amber from the Baltic countries
What did a guild statute contain?
Rules of the trade: number of workers, quality and prices
System of aid for members: members paid contributions (illness, orphan, widows…)
Who did the city council consist of initially and later (who led it)? Why did they have to make this change?
Originally this consisted of an assembly of all the townspeople.
As the population grew, a city hall or council was formed. Made up of councilors and headed by a judge and two mayors
Explain the Black Death. How many people died?
Fleas on rats transmitted the disease. Estimated that between 20 and 25 million people died.