5.1
What are the 3 lipid classes and which is the most abundant?
Triglycerides (most abundant), phospholipids, sterols
Which lipoproteins are called the “good” and “bad” cholesterol?
HDL: good
LDL: bad
DOUBLE JEOPARDY!
How many amino acids are there?
20
Elevated blood urea is likely caused by...
Kidney dysfunction/disease
Because it is the kidney's job to move urea from blood into urine
DOUBLE JEOPARDY!
Which are the fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins?
Fat-soluble: ADEK
Water-soluble: Bs & C
DOUBLE JEOPARDY!
Explain the structure of a triglyceride.
Glycerol backbone + 3 fatty acids
Which type of fatty acid is least likely to spoil?
Saturated
Name the 5 parts of the amino acid structure.
Central carbon, hydrogen, amino group, acid group, side group (varies and determines which AA it is)
DOUBLE JEOPARDY!
What happens when there is a sequencing error during protein synthesis?
Protein’s shape and function will be impacted
What are the two main functions of minerals that we discussed?
Maintain fluid balance & help with bone growth/health
Name 2 compounds that we make out of sterols.
Bile, hormones, vitamin D, cholesterol
DOUBLE JEOPARDY!
How are polyunsaturated fatty acids (such as Omega-3 and Omega-6) named?
By the position of the first double bond closest to the methyl end
Name 5 roles of protein.
Structural material, enzymes, hormones, fluid balance, acid-base balance, transportation, antibodies, energy
DOUBLE JEOPARDY!
What are Kwashiorkor and Marasmus caused by?
Kwashiorkor: severe protein deficiency
Marasmus: severe energy deficiency
Why are minerals not destructible like vitamins?
Because they are inorganic – they are however vulnerable to food processing (water leeching)
Explain the process of hydrogenation, the end result, and 1 advantage of this process.
Hydrogenation is the process of saturating fatty acids by adding hydrogen molecules
It results in trans fatty acids
Advantages: improves texture of food & extends shelf life
List the number of double bonds and saturation level of each of the following fatty acids: Linolenic Acid, Stearic Acid, Linoleic Acid, & Oleic Acid
Linolenic acid: 3 double bonds, polyunsaturated
Stearic acid: 0 double bonds, saturated
Linoleic acid: 2 double bonds, polyunsaturated
Oleic acid: 1 double bond, monounsaturated
Explain what each of the following protein structures is caused by: primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
Primary: chemical bonds, order of AA sequencing
Secondary: electrical attractions within polypeptide
Tertiary: hydrophobic & hydrophilic interactions of side groups
Quaternary: two or more polypeptides
Explain the difference between denaturation and deamination.
Denaturation: protein structure is destroyed by heat or acid
Deamination: amino group removed from amino acid – produces ammonia
Which two B vitamins are needed to activate each other and play major roles in DNA & RNA synthesis (especially important during pregnancy)?
Folate (B9) & B12
What are the roles of the four lipoproteins?
(What are they transporting & where)
Chylomicrons: transport only dietary lipids via bloodstream for use/storage
VLDL: transport TG & cholesterol from liver to tissues
LDL: transport cholesterol to cells
HDL: transport cholesterol to liver
What are the desired values for each lipoprotein?
LDL = <100 mg/dL is desirable
HDL = >60 mg/dL is desirable, <40 is health risk
TG = <150 mg/dL is desirable
TC = < 200 mg/dL is desirable
Explain the process of urea synthesis and excretion.
Liver converts ammonia to urea by combining 2 ammonia molecules with 1 CO2 molecule
Liver releases urea into blood
Kidneys filter urea out of blood into urine
Explain the difference between reference proteins, high-quality proteins, and complementary proteins.
Reference protein: High-quality protein source used to measure quality of other proteins – compares AA composition of a food with EAA requirements of pre-school aged children
High-quality protein: Contains all of the essential AA in adequate amounts
Complementary proteins: Incomplete plant-based protein sources (missing EAA) that are combined to provide all the essential amino acids.
List the 4 fat-soluble vitamins and their primary roles in the body.
Vitamin A: promotes vision
Vitamin D: acts as hormone (makes & maintains bones), needed to absorb calcium
Vitamin E: antioxidant, protects cells & membranes
Vitamin K: blood clotting