Trail of Tears
Between the mid-1700s and mid-1800s, approximately how many treaties did the United States sign with Indian nations?
Nearly 400 treaties
What did the Dawes Act of 1887 authorize the government to do?
Break up reservations into individual land parcels called allotments
What fundamental principle about tribal sovereignty did the Indian Reorganization Act recognize?
Tribes possessed original tribal sovereignty as an inherent right
What was the primary motivation for the US government to pursue termination policies in the 1950s?
To reduce debt and cut costs after World War II
What does self-determination mean in the context of Native American policy?
Native nations control their own governance and resources like schools, healthcare, and emergency response
What was the outcome of Andrew Jackson's 1814 attack on the Creek Nation at Horseshoe Bend?
Creeks were massacred and survivors were forced to sign away land
Who coined the phrase 'Kill the Indian, Save the Man' to describe his assimilation philosophy?
Richard Henry Pratt
How many tribes voted to reorganize under the IRA compared to those who voted against it?
About 160 tribes voted to reorganize while 77 voted against it
Which government agency was targeted for budget reductions that led to termination policies?
The Bureau of Indian Affairs
Why did President Nixon point to the Zuni example when proposing self-determination for all tribes?
The Zuni success proved that Native nations could effectively govern themselves
Why was the Treaty of New Echota considered fraudulent by most Cherokee?
It was signed by one chief representing only a tiny fraction of the tribe
What was the name of the first off-reservation boarding school that became a model for others?
Carlisle Indian Industrial School
Why is it significant that the Indian Reorganization Act is still in effect today?
It remains the primary law governing federal-tribal relations after 90 years
What was the main purpose of the Termination Act of 1953?
To end federal recognition of Native sovereignty
How did Native education transform under self-determination policies?
Schools shifted from erasing culture to celebrating and teaching it
Approximately how many Native Americans died during the forced relocations of the 1830s?
Around 15,000
Why were 19 Hopi men imprisoned at Fort Alcatraz in 1894?
They refused to send their children to boarding schools
Eagles are the best team true or false
TRUE
Who was the primary driving force behind the Indian termination policy of the 1950s?
Senator Arthur Vivian Watkins
Before the Indian Child Welfare Act, what happened to many Native children?
They were systematically placed into non-Native foster homes
Which tribe was the first forced west following the Indian Removal Act, and what were the main causes of death?
Choctaw; exposure, cholera, and starvation
What system did the Dawes Act create to determine Native identity and land rights?
Blood quantum system
In the IRA vote for your class did you vote yes or no as a class?
3rd Hour: Yes
5th Hour: No
6th Hour: Yes
Between the 1950s and 60s, how many Native nations were terminated?
109 nations
What was significant about the educational approach at Rockpoint on the Navajo reservation?
All classes were taught in the Navajo language