Argumentative Structure
The four stages of argumentative writing.
What are claim, evidence, counterclaim, rebuttal?
A signal word that introduces.
What is:
- I believe...
- In my opinion...
- I disagree...
- I maintain that...
A persuasive strategy that uses logic, facts, data, and reason.
True or False: Paraphrasing involves putting something in your own words.
What is true?
Claims should have supporting _________.
What is evidence or reasons?
The first step of the argumentative process, where you name your topic and state your position.
What is the claim?
A signal word or phrase for supporting opinions.
What is:
futhermore...
again...
first...
also...
For the above reasons...
A persuasive strategy that uses an individual's character, experience, and knowledge.
What is ethos?
True or False: When paraphrasing, you should try to include every detail.
What is false? (when paraphrasing, only include main ideas)
The __________ point of view challenges your claim.
The second step of the argumentative process, where you provide reasons for your position.
What is evidence?
A signal word or phrase for cause & effect:
What is:
- since...
- for this reason...
- consequently...
- as a result of...
A persuasive strategy that uses emotion or feeling to convince?
What is pathos?
True or False: Paraphrasing helps writers avoid plagiarism, or stealing from others.
What is true?
True or false: When writing an argumentative essay, you should include your claim, but not the opposite viewpoint's claim.
What is false? (always include both your claim, and your opponent's)
The third step in an argumentative process, where you acknowledge the opponent's viewpoint.
What is the counterclaim?
A signal word or phrase for comparing & contrasting.
What is:
- similarly...
- compared to...
- on the other hand...
- as well as...
The three forms of persuasion.
What are ethos, pathos, and logos?
Paraphrase the following: "Curley's fist was swinging when Lennie reached for it. The next minute Curley was flopping like a fish on a line, and his closed fist was lost in Lennie's big hand. George ran down the room. "Leggo of him, Lennie. Let go."' - From Of Mice and Men, by John Steinbeck.
Answers may vary.
The part of an argumentative essay where you defend your claim is called the _______.
What is rebuttal, or counterargument?
The final step in an argumentative process, where you summarize the key points of your position.
What is the rebuttal?
A signal word or phrase for concluding.
What is:
In other words...
On the whole...
In summary...
In conclusion...
For the above reasons...
"We should consider changing the time school starts because 75% of late starting schools report better student learning" is an example of _______.
What is logos?
Paraphrase the following: "By that time I was shrieking. Jem yanked my hair, said he didn't care, he'd do it again if he got a chance, and if I didn't shut up he'd pull every hair out of my head. I didn't shut up and he kicked me. I lost my balance and fell on my face. Jem picked me up roughly but looked like he was sorry.' - From To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee
Answers will vary.
When defending a claim, you should use mostly ________ (logos, ethos, or pathos).