Population Ecology
One characteristic of a K-selected species and one characteristic of an r-selected species.
K-selected: large, long life span, few offspring, late reproduction, high parental care, stable environment
r-selected: small, short life span, many offspring, early reproduction, low or no parental care, changing environment
The largest cohort on a pyramid shaped age structure diagram.
The definition of TFR is
Stage of demographic transition characterized by exponential population growth.
Transitional.
The growth rate of Country W is 1.3% - what is the doubling time?
53.85 years
Letter that represents carrying capacity.
K
Identify the 3 shapes of age structure diagram and explain what they indicate about population growth.
Pyramid - rapid growth
Rectangle - stable or very slow growth
Inverted - decline in population
Perhaps the most important thing influencing a country's TFR
role of women (educational and career opportunities)
Stage of demographic transition where birth rates drop.
890 lemurs live on a small island off the coast of Madagascar that is 2,340 km2. What is the population density?
0.38 lemur per km2
The 3 types of population dispersal (distribution).
clumped, uniform, random
Example of a country that fits each shape of age structure diagram.
Pyramid - Rwanda, Nigeria, Afghanistan
Rectangular - U.S. and Canada, New Zealand
Inverted - Greece, Japan, Germany
Identify three things that a high infant mortality rate can indicate
insufficient food supply
poor nutrition (malnourishment)
high incidence of communicable (infectious) disease
The two stages where birth and death rates are relatively equal.
Pre-industrial and Post-industrial.
3,444 babies are both in Country K. It has a total population of 566,010. What is the birth rate?
0.61%
Identify the type of population growth that is rare in most environments and explain why.
Identify: exponential
Explain: Populations grow exponentially when they have unlimited resources. Most populations have limiting factors and thus cannot grow exponentially long term.
Countries that have low GDP have this shape age structure diagram.
Pyramid
Identify three reasons a person or family might choose to migrate.
better jobs and economic improvement
flee war
flee religious persecution
flee environmental degradation
Better sanitation.
Access to clean water.
Reliable food supply.
Access to vaccines/antibiotics (medicine).
Country X has a total population of 1,235,000 people. Last year, 660,000 babies were born and 1,230 people immigrated. In addition, 345,000 people died and 690 emigrated. What is the growth rate for this country?
25.5%
Identify and explain the 4 types of population fluctuations.
Irruptive, Cyclical, Irregular, and Stable
Gender specific abortion/infanticide.
Immigration for work (oil rigs).
Identify ALL EIGHT factors affecting a country's TFR.
importance of children in the labor force
cost of raising children
availability of retirement programs
infant mortality rates
urbanization / access to family planning
educational opportunities for women
average marriage age
religious beliefs and cultural traditions
Explain how the population growth exhibited in the last part of the post-industrial stage can impact the economy.
Countries in the final portion of the post-industrial stage experience a declining population. With more older individuals than younger, many jobs are left unfilled as the elderly retire. This can negatively impact productivity.
Over 8 years, Country B grew 11%. What is the doubling time for Country B?
about 50 years