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Central Dogma
Regulation, Mutations, and Transfer...Oh My!
Characteristics of Viruses
Viral Multiplication
100
This term is used to describe new double stranded DNA that is made up of one "old" template strand and one newly synthesized strand.
What is semiconservative?
100
Genes that can be regulated (turned on or off) to conserve energy are called this.
What is inducible?
100
Viruses have a protein coat called this, which protects their nucleic acid.
What is a capsid?
100
In this stage of viral multiplication, the host cell remains alive.
What is the lysogenic cycle?
200
DNA ligase synthesizes together these on the lagging strand during DNA replication, named after the scientist who discovered them.
What are Okazaki fragments?
200
Insertions and deletions of nucleotides into an organism's genome often cause these kinds of mutations.
What are frameshift mutations?
200
A capsid is made of smaller protein units, called these.
What are capsomeres?
200
In this stage of the lytic cycle viral components are assembled into virions.
What is maturation?
300
These codons are not translated into amino acids, and end the process of translation (hint: there are three of them).
What are nonsense codons?
300
Griffith's experiment illustrated this process, which involves an organism taking up DNA from the environment.
What is transformation?
300
The types of organisms a virus can infect, called this, is determined by attachement.
What is host range?
300
During attachment, animal viruses recognize this structure on the host cell while bacterial viruses do not.
What is the plasma membrane?
400
RNA polymerase beings transcription at a DNA promoter, and stops transcribing at this.
What is a terminator?
400
This process of genetic transfer requires two cells of different mating types, as well as direct cell-to-cell contact.
What is conjugation?
400
A fully developed, infectious viral particle is called this.
What is a virion?
400
This process occuring during multiplication of animal viruses, but not during the multiplication of bacterial viruses.
What is uncoating?
500
Some amino acids are encoded for by multiple codons, a phenomenon that is called this.
What is degeneracy?
500
This substance can intercalate DNA, making it a chemical mutagen.
What is ethidium bromide?
500
The bacteriophages you have seen in lab have this kind of viral morphology.
What is complex?
500
These phages have the ability to incorporate themselves into the organism's genome for a long period of time.
What are lysogenic phages?