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Partial reinforcement where behavior is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed. This schedule is highly resistant to extinction.
Variable interval reinforcement schedule
Insecure attachment style characterized by a deep fear of abandonment, high relationship insecurity, and a desperate need for validation due to inconsistent, unreliable caregiving.
Anxious attachment style
Tendency of animals to revert to instinctive, natural behaviors that interfere with conditioned responses learned through operant conditioning
Instinctive drift
Gap between what a learner can do independently and what they can achieve with guidance from a "More Knowledgeable Other" (MKO)
Zone of Proximal Development
Learning that occurs without immediate reinforcement or behavior demonstration, becoming apparent only when an incentive or motivation is provided. (Tolman mice maze)
Latent learning
learning by observing others
Bandura, Bobo Doll
Observational learning
Understanding that certain physical properties (mass, volume, number) remain the same despite changes in outward appearance. Piaget
Conservation
(Preoperational stage)
Tendency for a conditioned organism to respond to stimuli similar to the original CS. (Little Albert)
Stimulus generalization
Understanding that objects and people continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched (Piaget)
Object permanence
Sensorimotor stage
Partial reinforcement schedule where the first response is rewarded only after a set, predictable amount of time has passed. (getting paid every 2 weeks ==> more hardworking at the end of the 2 week)
Fixed-Interval reinforcement schedule
Operant conditioning that increases a behavior by removing an undesirable or aversive stimulus.
Negative reinforcement
Behaviors followed by satisfying consequences (rewards) are more likely to be repeated, while behaviors followed by discomfort (punishment) are less likely to recur. (Thorndike)
Law of Effect
Observational learning where individuals learn behaviors, emotions, or attitudes by watching the consequences of others' actions rather than experiencing them directly.
Vicarious Conditioning
Classical conditioning procedure where a previously established Conditioned Stimulus (CS1) acts as an Unconditioned Stimulus (US) to train a new neutral stimulus (CS2).
Second-order conditioning
Organism (human or animal) stops attempting to avoid negative stimuli after repeated exposure to unavoidable, uncontrollable aversive events.
learned helplessness
Cognitive form of learning where a problem's solution appears suddenly, rather than through gradual trial-and-error.
Insight learning
Parenting style : high warmth/responsiveness but very low demands/control ==> outcome of children : lack self-discipline, impulsive, rebellious and low achievement
Parenting style : Permissive
Smallest units of language that carry meaning, serving as the building blocks for words.
un -- break -- able
Language Development : Morphemes
Non-associative learning where an organism decreases its response to a repeated, benign stimulus over time
Habituation
Reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response (CR) after a rest period, without new conditioning.
Spontaneous recovery
preschoolers, successful children feel capable of leading, while those restricted or criticized feel guilty for their initiatives, creating self-doubt and fear of trying new things. (Erikson)
Erikson’s stages of Psychosocial development:
Initiative and guilt
Organisms are innately predisposed to learn certain associations—specifically fears or tastes—that aid survival. (Evol perspective)
Biological preparedness
Interaction between microsystem—such as parent-teacher conferences or home-peer relationships—showing that connections between settings influence development as much as individual environments do.
Bronfenbrenner
Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory:
Mesosystem
Developmental psychology apparatus designed by Gibson and to test depth perception in infants.
Visual Cliff apparatus
Active, intense exploration of roles, beliefs, and goals without having made firm commitments. (Marcia)
Identity Development : Identify Moratorium