Demographics
What is the term for the number of children a woman is expected to have in her lifetime?
Fertility rate
What is the trend of Canadians moving from rural areas to urban or suburban areas called?
Urbanization
What are some socio-economic factors that shape trends?
Cost of living, access to education, transportation, technology, and healthcare.
What is “social deviance”?
Behaviour that violates social norms or expectations.
What is “restorative justice”?
A system focused on rehabilitation and reconciliation between offenders and victims
What does “replacement level” mean in demographics?
The fertility rate required to maintain a stable population (around 2.1 children per woman).
What major demographic event followed WWII in Canada?
The baby boom
How do rising fuel costs influence tourism trends?
People may travel shorter distances or choose local vacations.
What does labelling theory suggest?
People become deviant when society labels them as such.
How can statistics about deviance be misinterpreted?
Through bias, selective reporting, or lack of context.
What is a “demographic transition”?
A model describing how birth and death rates change as a country develops economically.
Which group is one of the fastest-growing among Canada’s urban populations?
Indigenous peoples
Why might halal and kosher foods be popular among non-Muslim and non-Jewish consumers?
They are often seen as higher quality, ethically prepared, or culturally inclusive.
According to social control theory, why do people follow rules?
Because strong social bonds discourage deviant behaviour.
What is a moral panic?
When public fear and media attention exaggerate the threat of deviant behaviou
What might be a social implication of fertility rates below replacement level in Canada?
An aging population leading to labour shortages and strain on healthcare/pensions.
How do demographic profiles differ between developed and developing nations?
Developed nations have older populations and slower growth; developing nations have younger populations and higher fertility rates
How does population mobility affect extended family relationships?
Families may live farther apart, reducing intergenerational contact and childcare support.
What does differential association theory claim?
People learn deviance through interactions with others.
How might media crime reports affect people’s behaviour?
They may influence where people live, work, or send children to school.
How does immigration help Canada maintain its population level?
It offsets low birth rates and supports economic growth by adding to the workforce
What are two implications of Canada’s urbanization trend?
Strain on housing and infrastructure, changing community dynamics, or loss of rural services.
How has the “information economy” changed the nature of work in Canada?
Shift toward service and tech sectors, more telecommuting, and increased credentialism.
What do cultural theories of deviance emphasize?
That deviance arises from conflicting values between groups or subcultures.
How can deterrence conflict with civil liberties?
Strict laws or surveillance may reduce deviance but limit personal freedoms