DNA Structure
DNA Replication
The Cell Cycle
Checkpoints
Cancer
100
What part of the DNA molecule is responsible for coding genetic information?
Nitrogen Base
100
In all plant and animal cells, the nucleus contains long molecules of DNA. Describe the function of DNA.
DNA contains the blueprint (genetic information).
100
State the phases of Interphase
G0, G1, S Phase, G2
100
Why are checkpoints important in the cell cycle?
They maintain accuracy and prevent damaged cells from dividing
100
What is uncontrolled cell division called?
Cancer
200
Solve the complementary strand to the DNA strand shown below.
AGGTCAGGT
TCCAGTCCA
200
Guanine is complementary to which nitrogen base?
Cytosine
200
In which phase does the amount of DNA duplicate?
S Phase
200
Apoptosis is known as...
Programmed cell death
200
What type of cell are the blue cells in this picture?
Tumor
300
What makes up the backbone of a DNA molecule?
Phosphate and Deoxyribose Sugar
300
Nitrogen bases are connected by which bond?
Hydrogen bond
300
Which phase is only focused on cell growth?
G1 Phase
300
List the name of 4 checkpoints.
G1 checkpoint, S Checkpoint, G2 checkpoint, M checkpoint
300
When a cell undergoes uncontrollable growth, what most likely will form...
A tumor
400
What are the building blocks of DNA called?
Nucleotide
400
In a molecule of double-stranded DNA, the amount of Adenine equals to 22%. What is the percentage of Thymine present in double-stranded DNA?
22%
400
In which phase does the cell start to prepare for cell division?
G2 Phase
400
What is a way the cell cycle could be disrupted?
If a mutation is found
If the DNA is damaged
Environmental stresses
400
What is a distinguishing feature of a cancer cell?
It grows uncontrollably
500
List all 4 Nitrogen bases.
1. Thymine 2. Adenine 3. Guanine 4. Cytosine
500
The method by which DNA replicates is called...
Semi-Conservative method
500
In which phase does the cell leave the cycle and no longer prepare to divide?
G0 Phase
500
What happens to a cell if it does not pass a checkpoint and cannot be repaired?
Apoptosis
500
When tumor does not spread, it is known as
benign tumor
600
What does anti-parallel mean?
DNA strands go in opposite direction
600
During DNA replication where does the DNA open up?
Between the Nitrogen base pairs
600
In which phase does the cytoplasm split, creating two new daughter cells?
Cytokinesis
600
Why is cancer considered a disease of the cell cycle?
Because it bypasses checkpoints
600
What causes cancer cells to form instead of normal healthy cells?
Mutations in DNA
700
Describe the base-pair ruel
A=T
C=G
700
What does facilitate DNA replication in a cell?
Enzymes
700
In which phase does the nucleus divide to make two identical sets of chromosomes?
M Phase
700
What does the S-phase checkpoint monitor?
DNA replication accuracy
700
When tumor spreads, it is known as
malignant tumor
800
What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?
1. Phosphate 2. Deoxyribose sugar 3. Nitrogen Base
800
DNA's backbone is connected by which bond?
Covalent bond
800
At what numbers on the graph is the DNA replicating?
II
800
What normally controls the cell cycle but can become damaged, leading to cancer?
Cell cycle checkpoints
800
What is metastasis?
The spread of cancer cells to other parts of the body
900
Albumin is a protein that is secreted by liver cells and transported to the bloodstream. What factor most directly determines the amino acids that are combined to create albumin?
The sequence of nitrogen bases.
900
Which phase of the cell cycle is the longest?
Interphase
900
Which checkpoint helps prevent uncontrolled cell growth, like cancer?
G1
900
What is one environmental factor that can increase the risk of cancer?
UV radiation, smoking, pollution, etc.
1000
What is a theory explaining the origin of DNA?
It evolved out of RNA
Lightning created a chemical reaction
Hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor
1000
What happens during the M phase (mitosis)?
The nucleus divides to make two identical sets of chromosomes
1000
How do cancer cells affect normal cells around them?
They take nutrients and space, harming healthy cells