Layers of the Earth
Theory of Plate Tectonics
Plate Tectonics & Landforms
Miscellaneous/Vocab
Earthquakes/Seismic Waves
100
Of the 4 main layers, what layer of the Earth do we live on?
The Crust
100
In oceans, two pieces of oceanic crust spread apart and magma escapes from the mantle. When this magma reaches the cool water, it hardens, forming mountains. What is this process referred to as?
Seafloor Spreading
100
Transform boundaries create what two things to possibly happen?
Earthquakes and faults
100
List 2 effects of earthquakes:
- Faults, secondary effects (landslides, fires, tsunamis), building and infrastructure damage, death & injury, soil liquification (soil falls apart or behaves like a liquid).
100
True or false: As the magnitude increases, the frequency or likelihood of an earthquake happening at this magnitude decreases.
True; higher magnitude earthquakes happen less frequently.
200
Top to bottom:
Crust
Mantle
Inner Core
Outer Core
200
On the bottom of the ocean there was a mountain range found. It is the longest mountain range in the world. It circles the globe like the seams on a baseball, connecting all the oceans. What is this called?
Mid-ocean ridge, mid-atlantic ridge.
200
Plate boundaries are often named after the _____ they surround.
Continent
200
The point on the Earth's surface directly above the underground beginning point where an earthquake begins.
Epicenter
200
P and S waves become this when they reach Earth's surface.
Surface Waves
300
The lithosphere is in two layers of the Earth, list them:
Crust and mantle.
(Upper mantle only)
300
The name of the ancient landmass that was conjoined as a supercontinent.
Pangea
300
List the directions the plates are moving at each plate boundary.
Convergent:
Divergent:
Transform:
Convergent: plates are moving towards one another.
Divergent: plates are moving away from one another.
Transform: plates are sliding past one another in opposite directions (typically horizontal).
300
The point within the Earth (underground) where the rupture of rocks first occurs along a fault, and where the seismic energy is released.
Focus
300
True of false: S-waves compress and expand and move slower than P-waves.
False; yes they are slower but no they do not compress and expand (that is P-waves).
400
The outer core is (solid, liquid, gas) and the inner core is (solid, liquid, gas).
Liquid, solid
400
What is the name of the theorist who believed that the continents were once joined as one big supercontinent and have gradually drifted apart?
Alfred Wegener
400
The area in a convergent boundary where one plate goes underneath another.
Subduction Zone
400
The _____ ring of fire.
What is the missing word and what is the ring of fire? Why do the events that occur here happen?
Pacific; the area where the majority of earthquakes and volcanoes happen. Several different plate boundaries meet.
400
The tool used to detect and measure earthquakes is called a...
Seismograph
500
Which layer of the Earth do convection currents happen in, what do they lead to, and what is convection?
- Mantle
- Lead to plate movement
- Heat rises and cool sinks
500
List 2 of the 3 main pieces of evidence that support the theory of plate tectonics.
1. The continents seem to fit together like a puzzle.
2. Fossils were found across oceans.
3. Glacial deposits matched in different continents.
500
At what type of plate boundary are ocean trenches and mountains typically found?
Convergent
500
The scale used to measure the magnitude of an earthquake (1-10).
The Richter Scale
500
Where did the largest earthquake ever recorded happen and what was the magnitude?
Valdivia, Chile (9.5 Mw)