The eye and visual processing
These specialised cells in the retina detect visual stimuli.
What are photoreceptors?
This age-related condition occurs when the lens loses flexibility, making it hard to focus on close objects.
What is presbyopia?
This is an individual’s predisposition to perceive stimuli in a certain way based on prior influences.
What is perceptual set?
This 1972 review article examined whether pictorial perception is universal.
What is Deregowski’s study?
This illusion makes the upper of two equal lines appear longer due to linear perspective and height in the visual field.
What is the Ponzo illusion?
These photoreceptors work best in dim light and are responsible for black-and-white vision.
What are rods?
This condition is caused by proteins breaking down in the lens, making it cloudy.
What are cataracts?
Name one factor that influences perceptual set.
What is past experience / context / motivation / emotional state?
In Hudson’s (1960) study, Bantu factory workers’ responses were used to explore differences in perceiving these types of drawings.
What are 2D vs 3D images?
In this illusion, lines with feathered tails appear longer than those with arrowheads.
What is the Müller-Lyer illusion?
The process where light energy is converted into electrochemical energy by rods and cones.
What is transduction?
This disease damages the optic nerve, leading to loss of peripheral vision.
What is glaucoma?
This Gestalt principle involves seeing a complete figure even when parts are missing.
What is closure?
African participants often preferred this style of drawing over perspective drawings.
What is split-style drawing?
This theory explains the Müller-Lyer illusion based on familiarity with right angles and straight lines.
What is the Carpentered World Hypothesis?
The nerve that carries visual information from the retina to the occipital lobe.
What is the optic nerve?
A genetic condition that affects the retina, causing night blindness and loss of peripheral vision.
What is retinitis pigmentosa?
This perceptual constancy lets us see an object’s shape as constant even when viewed from different angles.
What is shape constancy?
One limitation of Deregowski’s research was the use of an interpreter, which could cause this.
What is translation error?
This illusion uses a trapezoid-shaped room and monocular vision to distort size perception.
What is the Ames Room illusion?
Name the six stages of visual perception in order.
What are reception, transduction, transmission, selection, organisation, and interpretation?
The three types of colour vision deficiency are monochromacy, dichromacy, and this form, which causes impaired colour sense but not complete colour blindness.
What is anomalous trichromacy?
This binocular depth cue relies on the difference in images between the two eyes.
What is retinal disparity?
Deregowski concluded that culture can impact the interpretation of these visual cues.
What are pictorial depth cues?
These images can be perceived in more than one way, switching between interpretations.
What are ambiguous figures?