Classical Conditioning
This Russian physiologist discovered classical conditioning while studying digestion in dogs.
Who is Ivan Pavlov?
This occurs when stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus also trigger the conditioned response.
What is stimulus generalisation?
This American psychologist is best known for his work on operant conditioning with rats and pigeons.
Who is B. F. Skinner?
When a rat presses a lever but no food is delivered, the behaviour gradually stops. This process is called what?
What is extinction?
This psychologist developed social learning theory and tested it using the “Bobo doll” experiment.
Who is Albert Bandura?
In Pavlov’s experiment, food acted as this type of stimulus.
What is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
The ability to distinguish between the conditioned stimulus and other similar stimuli is called this.
What is stimulus discrimination?
The three-phase model of operant conditioning is known as this.
What is the ABC model (Antecedent, Behaviour, Consequence)?
If the lever-pressing behaviour suddenly reappears after extinction, this has occurred.
What is spontaneous recovery?
Learning that occurs by observing and imitating others is called this.
What is modelling?
Salivation in response to food is an example of this.
What is the unconditioned response (UCR)?
When the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus, this occurs.
What is extinction?
Adding a pleasant stimulus, such as giving chocolate for good behaviour, is this type of reinforcement.
What is positive reinforcement?
When a behaviour is produced in response to stimuli similar to the original antecedent, this occurs.
What is stimulus generalisation?
When a learner observes another person being rewarded or punished and adjusts their behaviour, it is called this.
What is vicarious conditioning (reinforcement or punishment)?
When a bell that was once neutral triggers salivation, it has become this.
What is a conditioned stimulus (CS)?
The reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a rest period is known as this.
What is spontaneous recovery?
Removing an unpleasant stimulus to strengthen behaviour, like turning off a loud alarm by pressing a button, is this.
What is negative reinforcement?
This type of reinforcement schedule provides reinforcement after a fixed number of responses.
What is a fixed ratio schedule?
The four processes of observational learning are attention, retention, reproduction, and this final step.
What is motivation?
Watson and Rayner’s “Little Albert” experiment showed this type of conditioned emotional response.
What is learned fear (phobia) through classical conditioning?
Aversion therapy uses classical conditioning to reduce undesirable behaviours by pairing them with this.
What is an unpleasant stimulus/response?
Taking away a pleasant stimulus, like phone privileges, to weaken behaviour is an example of this.
What is negative punishment?
John’s parents give him $5 every time he does two loads of laundry. This is an example of what reinforcement schedule?
What is fixed ratio reinforcement?
Children in Bandura’s study who saw aggressive models rewarded were more likely to copy aggression, demonstrating this concept.
What is vicarious reinforcement?