Gustation
Sour, salty, sweet, bitter, and umami
What are the primary sensations of tastes?
The only special sense that does not pass through the thalamus on its way to the cerebral cortex.
What is olfaction (Smell)?
Highly vascularized; collects sound waves and directs towards middle ear
What is the outer ear?
Parts of the vestibular complex: one lies horizontally, and the other lies vertically.
What are the Utricle and the Saccule?
This is made up of the sclera and cornea.
What is the fibrous layer of the eyeball?
These are located in the papillae of the tongue and contain the receptors for taste
What are taste buds?
Also known as stem cells in the structure of olfactory epithelium.
Malleus, incus, stapes
What are the smallest bones in the body?
The inability to stabilize an image, experiencing vertigo.
What is vestibular dysfunction?
Caused by coagulation of lens proteins; appear as a cloudy or opaque lens
What are cataracts?
What is olfaction?
Lack of olfaction, may be caused by respiratory infections, aging, etc.
What is the inner ear?
This reflex allows eyes to move following an object while the head remains stationary.
What is the Optokinetic reflex?
It is the exit for the optic nerve; there are no photoreceptors.
What is the optic disc?
Supporting cells
What are sustentacular cells?
Via the limbic system, includes the hippocampus and amygdala
How is smell linked to memory and emotion?
A short-term protective response that reduces loud sounds to protect the inner ear. This involves both tensor tympani and stapedius muscles.
What is the attenuation reflex?
This reflex allows eyes to stay fixed on a certain object while the head moves.
What is the Vestibulo-ocular reflex?
The lens flattens for this type of vision.
What is distant vision?
This depolarizes the cell membrane and releases neurotransmitter, leading to an action potential.
What is binding of the food chemical?
A cascading effect that opens many Na+ channels.
What is the stimulation of olfactory cells (introduction of odorant)?
A type of hearing loss that involves damage to the inner ear or neural pathway.
What is sensorineural?
A type of vestibular dysfunction that is often caused by a virus and involves inflammation of the inner ear.
What is Labyrinthitis?
An unequal focusing that is caused by abnormally shaped lens/cornea
What is astigmatism?