DNA Structure
Protein Synthesis
Cell Cycle
Mutations
Enzymes
Cell Differentiation
100
DNA's general shape is known as this
What is a double helix?
100
Name one difference between DNA and RNA.
What is:
1) DNA is a double helix, while RNA is a single helix?
2) DNA has thymine (T), while RNA has uracil (U)?
3) DNA has deoxyribose, while RNA has ribose?
100
Name one major function of the cell cycle!
What is:
- division of one cell into two identical daughter cells?
- growth of living things?
- repair of damaged cells?
100
What is the definition of a mutation?
What is a permanent change to the DNA sequence?
100
Enzymes are biological catalysts, which means they do WHAT to a chemical reaction?
What is speed up a chemical reaction?
100
What is the first cell made after a sperm fertilizes an egg?
What is a zygote?
200
The monomers (building blocks) of DNA and RNA
What are nucleotides?
200
Fill in the blank:
________ takes place in the nucleus, while _______ takes place in the cytoplasm (specifically in a ribosome).
Hint: they are the steps of protein synthesis!
What is transcription and translation?
200
In this phase of the cell cycle, proteins are being made, and DNA is being synthesized.
What is interphase?
200
Name one cause of a genetic mutation.
What is:
- it can be inherited from parents who have the mutation?
- DNA replication errors or errors involving cell division?
- environmental factors (such as mutagens, carcinogens, UV radiation, etc).
200
What is F in the diagram?
What is a substrate?
200
Give a definition of stem cells!
What is undifferentiated cells that have yet to be given a job in a living thing?
300
The part of the nucleotide labeled B
What is a phosphate?
300
A group of three nucleotides in an mRNA sequence is known as what?
What is a codon?
300
Which two phases of mitosis are seen in #4 and #5?
What is metaphase and anaphase?
300
Look at the mutation above. What kind of mutation is this?
What is a point mutation?
300
What is E in the diagram?
What is the active site?
300
How do cells become differentiated?
What is certain genes are turned on and off?
400
What are the four bases of DNA?
What are adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine?
(acceptable: A, T, C, and G)
400
Given a DNA sequence and the RNA base pairing rules, take this DNA sequence, and make an RNA copy using transcription! You have 30 seconds!
TAC - GGA - CCT - ATT
What is:
AUG - CCU - GGA - UAA?
400
Look at the picture above. What genetic structure is #3 showing?
What are sister chromatids?
400
What kind of mutation is seen in this diagram?
What is:
- a deletion?
- a frameshift mutation?
400
Explain the lock and key (or induced fit) model!
What is:
- an enzyme and substrate must fit together perfectly in order for a reaction to happen?
(accept: alternate word forms)
400
True or False:
- Stem cells' two main characteristics are self-renewal and potency.
What is TRUE?
500
How do the bases pair in DNA?
What is: A <-> T and C <-> G
(acceptable: A goes with T, and C goes with G, among other word forms)
500
Using the codon wheel above, take the RNA sequence from the previous clue, and make an amino acid chain.
(Hint: it was AUG - CCU - GGA - UAA)
What is:
Met - Pro - Gly - STOP?
500
This part of the cell cycle involves the actual splitting of the cytoplasm into two new daughter cells!
What is cytokinesis?
500
Are all mutations harmful?
DEFEND your answer by using an example for FULL CREDIT!
What is no? (Answers may vary)
Examples:
- silent mutations that does not change the amino acid sequence
- mutations such as sickle cell anemia that actually help defend against malaria
500
What happens to an enzyme when the enzyme's shape changes as a result of extreme temperature or pH changes?
What is denaturing or denaturation?
500
Suppose a mutation occurred in a stem cell. Can the mutation spread to other stem cells? Explain how!
What is yes, if the stem cell divides and passes the mutation to new daughter stem cells?