4.1 - Plants and Water
4.2 - Transpiration
4.3 - Excretion in humans
4.4 - Keeping a fetus healthy
Extra knowledge for nerds (totally not related to science but actually related. )
100
Where does xylem found in plants?
Vascular bundle
100
Define "transpiration"
The loss of water vapour from leaves
100
Define "renal"
To do with kidney
100
What are the substances that affect a fetus during pregnancy through smoking?
Nicotine and Carbon Monoxide
100
How much do kidneys worth?
between $50,000 to $120,000
200
Describe "Xylem"
Long, tube-like cells, dead cells - all their contents such as cytoplasm and a nucleus have disappeared, all that is left is their cell walls with an empty space inside, their end walls have completely disappeared, too
200
What are the roles of transpiration?
Cools the plant down; makes the water flow up the plant (helps with transport of minerals; provides support for the plant (maintains turgor of the plant cells).
200
Name all the organs in excretory system
2 kidneys, 2 ureters, 1 bladder, 1 urethra, vein, artery
200
How to keep a fetus healthy?
Balanced diet, healthy lifestyle (no smoking, no doing drugs)
200
What are the types of xylem?
- Tracheids (long, narrow tapered cells with pits)
- Vessel elements (large with thickened cell walls and no end plates when mature)
- Xylem parenchyma.
- Sclerenchyma cells (fibres and sclereids)
300
What is the difference between Xylem and Phloem.
Xylem transports minerals and Phloem transports nutrients.
300
Name the organelles in the picture below
A - Waxy layer
B - Upper epidermis
C - Palisade mesophyll
D - Spongy mesophyll
E - Xylem and Phloem
F - Lower epidermis
G - Guard cell
H - Stomata / Stoma
300
What are the waste substances of humans?
Carbon dioxide, urea and excess water
300
How does Carbon Monoxide and Nicotine affect a fetus during pregnancy?
Carbon Monoxide: It prevents oxygen from going into haemoglobin.
Nicotine: It damages the blood vessels
300
How many types of transpiration are there and what are they?
3 types of transpiration:
- Stomatal transpiration.
- Cuticular transpiration.
- Lenticular transpiration.
400
How root hairs absorb water?
Water moves into the root hair cell from the soil. It passes through the cell wall and the cell membrane of the cell and into cytoplasm. Minerals including magnesium and nitrate, also move into the root hair cell along with the water.
400
Describe the process of transpiration.
When water arrives at a leaf, it moves out of the xylem vessels and into the leaf cells. The cells that have chloroplasts use some of the water for photosynthesis. But they do not need very much water for that, and most of the water does not stay in the cell. The liquid water in the cell soaks into the cellulose cell wall, and then changes to water vapour - it evaporates. The water vapour diffuses into the air spaces between the cells. These air spaces connect with the air outside the leaf through tiny holes in the underside of the leaf - stomata. The water vapour can diffuse through these holes and into the air.
400
Describe the process of excretory system.
As the blood flows through the kidneys, the kidneys filter the blood. They remove all of the urea from it. The kidneys also remove excess water from the blood. The urea dissolves in the excess water. Urine is made. The urine made in each kidneys flow down a ureter. This carries it to the bladder, which can store it for a while. The urine can flow out of the bladder to the outside world through the urethra.
400
How protein, carbohydrate, vitamins and minerals help the fetus?
Protein: Needed to help the fetus to produce new cells and grow, make extra haemoglobin.
Carbohydrate: Supplies energy, glucose is a carbohydrate. Needed to do respiration.
Vitamins and minerals: Iron is needed to make haemoglobin. Calcium is essential for helping the baby to grow strong bones.
400
How many types of leaves are there?
2 different types of leaves – simples leaves and compound leaves.
500
Name the experiment that tests xylem and describe how to do.
Investigating transport in a celery stalk:
Materials: A stalk of celery, pak choi or another plant that has a thick stalk - it works best if there are leaves at the top of the stalk, a small container, such as beaker or Petri dish, some water mixed witg a coloured dye ( e.g. blue ink, or methylene blue stain. ).
Safety: Be sure to put the stalk onto a non-slip surface before you try to cut it. Cut away from you, so that if the blade slips, it does not hit your hand.
1. Put some of the coloured water into your small container. You need no more than 1 to 2 cm depth.
2. Cut across the lower end of the stalk ( not the leaf end ), making sure that the cut end is clean and is not blocked or damaged.
3. Stand the stalk in the coloured water. Make sure you stand the cut end in the water.
4. Every five minutes or so, look at the stalk. You may be able to see the blue dye moving up through it. This can sometimes happen very quickly, or sometimes very slowly - so be prepared!
5. When the dye has reached the top of the stalk, take the stalk out of the container. Rinse the blue dye off the end of the stalk, using tap water.
6. Put the stalk down onto a cork board or other non-slip surface. Use a knife to cut across the end of the stalk, about half way up.
500
Name the experiment that tests transpiration and describe how to do it.
Investigating transpiration:
Materials: 2 very similar plants, both growing in the same size pots, 2 big, transparent polythene bags, a balance for measuring the mass of the plants in their pots.
1. Check that the soil in both plant pots is moist. If not, give both of them the same volume of water. Leave the pots for about five minutes, so that any excess water can drain away.
2. Take the first plant, and completely cover the plant and the pot with a plastic bag. Tie the bag very firmly at the top.
3. Take the second plant, and over the pot and soil, but not the leaves of the plant, with a plastic bag. Tie the bag tightly around the plant stem - but take care not to damage the stem.
4. Measure the mass of both plants in their pots. Record the masses.
5. Each day for at least a week, measure the masses of both plants. Record all of your readings in a results table. ( You could put the date in the first column, and the masses of the two plants in the next two columns. Remember to include the units in the column headings. )
6. Use your results to draw a line graph. You can draw two lines on the same graph - one line for each plant.
500
Describe the process of excreting urea.
When we eat food, any proteins in the food are broken down to smaller molecules inside the digestive system. These small molecules go into the blood. The blood transports them to the liver. If we have more protein than we need, the liver changes the smaller molecules into urea. As soon as urea is made in a liver cell, it is taken away from the liver in the blood. The urea is removed from the blood by kidneys in the excretory system.
500
What are two of the recommendations for women during pregnancy?
- If she regularly takes a prescribed drug for her own health, she should check with her doctor or a pharmacist to see if it is safe for her to keep on taking it. She should not stop taking it without checking first
- She should check with her doctor whether it is safe for her to take drugs that do not need a prescription such as aspirin.
- She must stop smoking.
- She should avoid alcohol.
- She should never take illegal drugs at all, but it is especially important to avoid these during pregnancy. - There is some evidence that caffeine
- a drug in coffee and cola drinks
- harms a developing fetus. Most doctors recommend that pregnant women should not drink a lot of coffee or cola.
500
How many days does it take a fetus to fully develop?
280 days