Generalist/Specialist Species
TRUE OR FALSE: Specialist species have a larger range of tolerance
FALSE! Generalist species have a larger range of tolerance, a broader niche, which makes them less prone to extinction and more likely to be invasive
Define carrying capacity
the maximum number of individuals in a population that an ecosystem can support (based on limiting resources)
true or false: Real populations don't always fluctuate around carrying capacity. If resource depletion is severe enough, the total population crash can occur
True
True or false: the higher the total fertility rate, generally the higher the population growth rate.
true!
What is one thing that you learned from the other presentation?
Answers may vary
Define K-selected and r-selected species.
K-selected species: "quality," few offspring, heavy parental care, long lifespan, more likely to be disrupted by env. changes
r-selected species: "quantity," many offspring, little to no care, may reproduce only once, shorter lifespan
What does a slower drop in one of the lines on a survivorship curve equate to?
slower drop in line = longer average lifespan
How do you calculate population change? Give the formula...
Population size = (Immigrations + births) - (emigration + deaths)
Define/explain the replacement level fertility
the TFR required to offset deaths in a population and keep population size stable (essentially 0 growth... the house chart)
the replacement level fertility in most developed countries is 2.1 (replacing mom and dad)
higher in less developed countries due to a higher infant mortality rate
What has been your favorite climb that you have tried in Greece?
Raccoons eat a variety of foods and can live in a variety of habitats, including locations near humans. Tiger salamanders eat an abundance of worms and insects and require wetland habitats so they do not dry out. What is the raccoon classified as: a specialist or a generalist species? What is the salamander classified as?
Raccoons are generalist species and salamanders are specialists.
Draw the Survivorship curve and include all three lines (Type 1, Type 2, Type 3)
Type 1 top graph, type 2 second decreasing constant slope, type 3 last graph
Draw the 4 age structure diagrams:
1) Illustrates rapid growth
2) Illustrates slow, stable growth
3) Illustrates stable, little to no growth
4) Illustrates decline population
Should show the extreme pyramid, less extreme pyramid, house, and then narrowest base
The supply of Earth's fresh water is fixed and is being depleted at a rapid rate. Describe the effects that a limited freshwater supply would have on the human population.
World food production will decrease, leading to increased famine
What is Demographic Transition?
The theory that as a country moves from a subsistence economy to industrialization and increased affluence it undergoes a predictable shift in population growth.
true or false r-selected species are more likely to be invasive species.
TRUE
Match the Type 1, Type 2, and Type 3 graphs to a r or K-selected species
Type 1- mostly K-selected species,Type 2- both r and K, Type 3- mostly r-selected species
Define what a Density-Independent Factor is and give an example.
Density-Independent Factors: factors that influence pop. growth independent of their size. An example is a natural disaster (flood, hurricane, tornado, fire)
***It doesn’t matter how big or small a pop. is, natural disasters limit them both
Name 3 factors that affect the TFR
1. How developed a country is
2. Government policy
3. Female Education
Give the 2 formulas for the doubling time(aka Rule of 70) and the formula for the global population growth rate.
Global population growth rate = (crude birth rate - crude death rate)/ (10)
doubling time = 70/ % of growth rate
If a scientist is studying a biome that experiences large seasonal fluctuations in both temperature and precipitation patterns... what organisms would inhabit the biome and why?
Generalists would be most abundant, because the resources available would be constantly changing
What is the consequence when the carrying capacity overshoots? Give an example
resource depletion, overgrazing, eventually could lead to a die-off
Name the three ways that individuals in a population are spaced out compared to each other/distributed.
1) Random (example: trees)
2) Uniform (territorial animals)
3) Clumped (herd/group animals)
Which of the following best describes the change in the carrying capacity of the human population if the growth is limited by conditions set forth by the Malthusian theory?
a. the carrying capacity will increase, and the human population size will grow exponentially.
b. the carrying capacity will remain constant, and the human population size will stabilize.
c. the carrying capacity will remain constant, and the human population size will experience an overshoot.
d. the carrying capacity will decrease, and the human population size will experience a dieback
D
what is the malthusian theory: Malthusian theory, proposed by Thomas Robert Malthus, states that population growth will outpace the food supply, leading to a cycle of poverty and crisis unless checks are in place.
Describe the 4 phases of Demographic Transition
Phase 1: Slow Population Growth (CBR equals CDR.This pattern is typical of countries before they begin to modernize.)
Phase 2: Rapid Population Growth (death rates decline while birth rates remain high and, as a result, the population grows rapidly. As a country modernizes, better sanitation, etc....)
Phase 3: Stable Population Growth(its economy and educational system improve, CBR begins to fall)
Phase 4: Declining Population Growth(characterized by declining population size and often by a relatively high level of affluence and economic development. )