Types of Signaling
Signal Transduction
Feedback
Cell Cycle
Cell Cycle Regulation
100
Cell signaling begins when this binds to a receptor.
What is a ligand?
100
This is the name for a chain of events that happens in signal transduction.
What is a cascade/phosphorylation cascade?
100
An organism's ability to maintain stable internal conditions.
What is homeostasis?
100
This phase made of G1, S, and G2.
What is interphase?
100
This is a consequence of unregulated cell growth/division.
What is cancer?
200
A cell communicates to another cell far away in the body (EX: Hormone from thyroid to intestines to stimulat digestion)
What is endocrine?
200
This type of recptor protein crosses the cell membrane 7 times and looks "squiggly".
What is a GPCR (G Protein-coupled receptor)?
200
A feedback mechanism used to strengthen a stimulus.
What is a positive feedback loop?
200
This phase is when chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell?
What is metaphase?
200
The type of protein that binds to CDKs.
What are cyclins?
300
A cell communicates to itself.
What is autocrine?
300
This is the job of a kinase enzyme.
What is phosphorylation?
300
A feedback mechanism used to weaken a stimulus.
What is a negative feedback loop?
300
The phase in which DNA is duplicated.
What is S phase?
300
This checkpoint is the most "important" because once it passes this point, it will either divide or perform apoptosis.
What is the G1 checkpoint?
400
This must be true in order for cells to communicate via direct cell-to-cell signaling.
What is the cells are touching?
400
This is a common end result of signal transduction, which occurs in the nucleus.
What is gene expression?
400
The pancreas reads the body's blood sugar as too high. In response it releases insulin. This helps lower the body's blood sugar.
What is an example of a negative feedback loop?
400
This is what the chromosomes are split into during anaphase.
What are sister chromatids?
400
This type of cyclin is used throughout cell division, despite its name.
What is G1 cyclin?
500
A cell communicates to a nearby cell that it is not touching.
What is paracrine signaling?
500
Based on the following image, cAMP is this in the signal transduction pathway.
What is a secondary messenger?
500
A ripe banana produces ethylene. This banana is added to a basket of other non-ripe fruits. The other fruits recognize ethylene and produce their own ethylene, causing them to ripen. This process continues, causing the fruit to rot.
What is an example of a positive feedback loop?
500
This is a difference between plant and animal mitosis.
What is plant cells form the cell plate, but animal cells form the cleavage furrow in telophase?
What is plant cells do not form centrioles, but plant cells do?
500
A cell undergoes mitosis. It passes through all of the checkpoints, but the DNA is not separated correctly in anaphase. As a result, one cell ends with 7 sister chromatids, and the other ends with 9.
What is an example of nondisjunction?