Blood Vessels
The three types of capillaries
Continuous, Fenestrated, and Sinusoid
What are the two main lymphatic ducts and what vessels do they drain into?
Thoracic duct (left subclavian) and right lymphatic duct (right subclavian)
Describe the four mechanisms of phagocytosis
Chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion
What is the functional unit of the urinary system?
Nephron
What abnormalities are frequently checked for in urinalysis?
Albumin, Glucose, Red Blood Cells, Ketone Bodies, Microbes
Which arteries carry blood to the brain?
vertebral artery and the internal carotid (remember the external carotid carries blood to all structures of the head except the brain)
What are the functions of lymph nodes?
They filter out injurious substances and phagocytose them and a site of proliferation of lymphocytes and monocytes
What are the classic symptoms of inflammation?
Redness, Swelling (edema), Heat, Pain, Loss of function
What are the two types of nephrons?
Cortical and juxtamedullary
What role does ADH play in regulating urine volume?
Increases amount of water reabsorbed from tubular filtrate into blood (less urine)
The three layers of the arterial and venule walls
Tunica Adventitia (Externa), Tunica Media, and Tunica Intima
Where are large clusters of lymph nodes located?
Mammary glands, axilla, groin
Describe the structure of an antibody
Two heavy chains consisting of 400 amino acids and two light chains consisting of 200 amino acids held together by disulfide bonds
What are the three steps of the formation of urine?
Glomerular filtration, Tubular reabsorption, Tubular secretion
How many calories would you burn if you hit your head against the wall for an hour?
150 cal
Which organs are associated with the Hepatic Portal System?
Pancreas, Spleen, Stomach, Intestines, and Gallbladder
Where is the thymus gland located and what are its functions?
Superior to the heart; forms lymphocytes before birth and is the site of T cell maturation after birth
Name and describe the steps in the inflammatory process
Vasodilation and increased permeability, Phagocyte migration, Repair
What is the purpose of the vasa recta?
To maintain the osmotic gradient in the medulla of the kidney by recycling sodium and chloride
What are the general steps in the immune process?
Recognition of antigen, Proliferation and differentiation into effector and memory cells (clonal selection), Elimination of intruder
Describe the four pressure types
Blood Hydrostatic Pressure, Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure, blood colloid osmotic pressure, and interstitial fluid osmotic pressure
What are the functions of the spleen?
Houses B and T cells and macrophages, Stores blood platelets, Production of blood cells, defense, etc.
Name and and give the locations of the five immunoglobulins
IgG (80%; blood), IgA (body secretions, sweat, mucus, tears, etc.), IgM (blood/lymph), IgD (B cell surfaces), IgE (Mast cells and basophils)
In what order does filtrate flow through the nephron
Glomerulus --> Proximal Convoluted Tubule --> Loop of Henle (Descending limb, Ascending thin limb, ascending thick limb) --> Distal Convoluted Tubule --> Collecting tubule
Describe the First and Second Line of Defense
First Line: Innate (General) -- Skin and Mucous Membranes
Second Line: Specific -- Internal antimicrobial proteins, phagocytic and natural killer cells, inflammation, and fever.