Classical Conditioning
What is the process of learning associations between two stimuli?
Classical conditioning
What type of reinforcement increases behavior by adding something desirable?
Positive reinforcement
Who proposed learning by observing and imitating others?
Bandura
What type of memory holds information briefly before processing?
Sensory memory
What is a mental shortcut used to make decisions quickly?
Heuristic
What is the learned response to a conditioned stimulus?
Conditioned response
What is removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase behavior?
Negative reinforcement
What is learning without reinforcement, only becoming apparent later?
Latent learning
What memory has a duration of about 20–30 seconds?
Short-term (working) memory
What is a rigid pattern of thinking that prevents new solutions?
Mental set
What is when the conditioned response occurs to similar stimuli?
Generalization
What is reinforcing a behavior after an unpredictable number of responses?
Variable ratio schedule
What term describes a mental representation of the world?
Cognitive map
What type of long-term memory includes facts and knowledge?
Semantic memory
What is difficulty seeing a new use for an object?
Functional fixedness
What is the reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction?
Spontaneous recovery
What is shaping?
Reinforcing successive approximations of a behavior
What are mirror neurons?
Neurons that fire when performing or observing an action
What memory involves skills like riding a bike?
Procedural memory
What is a sudden realization of a solution?
Insight
Who discovered classical conditioning with dogs?
Pavlov
What is punishment intended to decrease behavior by adding something unpleasant?
Positive punishment
What experiment showed children imitating aggressive behavior?
Bobo doll experiment
What is the memory system responsible for forming new explicit memories?
Hippocampus
What bias is overestimating the likelihood of memorable events?
Availability heuristic