Scientific Revolution
He proposed the heliocentric theory, placing the sun at the center of the universe.
Who is Copernicus?
Enlightenment thinkers believed in applying this to understand the natural and social world.
What is Reason?
He argued for a separation of powers in government.
Who is Montesquieu?
This Prussian ruler embraced Enlightenment ideas while maintaining tight control of the state.
Who is Fredrick the Great? (Frederick II)
Enlightenment ideas helped inspire this major 1776 revolution.
What is the American Revolution?
He improved the telescope and was tried by the Inquisition for supporting heliocentrism.
Who is Galileo Galilei?
Enlightenment thinkers supported this form of government over absolute monarchy.
What is Constitutional Monarchy?
This writer’s satire, Candide, criticized organized religion and absolute monarchy.
Who is Voltaire?
Catherine the Great attempted reforms but reversed course after this major rebellion.
What is Pugachev's Rebellion?
The French Revolution began during the reign of this king.
Who is Louis XVI?
Isaac Newton’s laws of motion and universal gravitation were compiled in this famous work.
What is Principia Mathematica?
This concept emphasized individuals’ natural rights and freedoms.
What is Liberalism? (Natural Rights)
Rousseau’s writings on this concept introduced the idea, where people give up some freedoms for collective good.
What is the Social Contract?
Joseph II of Austria issued this major reform benefiting peasants.
What is abolition of serfdom?
This event symbolized the beginning of the French Revolution on July 14, 1789.
What is the storming of the Bastille?
This astronomer developed laws of planetary motion describing elliptical orbits.
Who is Johannes Kepler?
The idea that government should protect citizens’ rights or be overthrown comes from this thinker.
Who is John Locke?
He believed humans are naturally selfish and need a strong ruler to maintain order.
Who is Thomas Hobbes?
Enlightened absolutists often promoted education, legal reform, and religious tolerance, but avoided sharing this.
What is Political Sovereignty?
The Napoleonic Code preserved many Enlightenment ideas but limited these freedoms.
What are women's rights?
This approach to knowledge emphasized observation, experimentation, and logic.
What is the Scientific Method?
The Enlightenment belief in progress suggested society could improve through what?
What is rational reform or education?
Mary Wollstonecraft is best known for defending what group’s rights during the Enlightenment?
What are women's rights?
Enlightened rulers supported Enlightenment ideas mainly to strengthen what?
What is their state or consolidation of their power?
This 1815 meeting tried to restore the balance of power after Napoleon’s defeat.What is the Congress of Vienna?
What is the congress of vienna?