Causes of Maritime Exploration
A maritime technology that originated in China
What is the magnetic compass
This was how Portugal found a way around the Ottoman/Safavid/Mughal/Qing controlled land trade routes in July 1440’s
What is a trading post empire, thanks to Prince Henry the Navigator And caravel/carracks
The 3 most prominent diseases introduced to the Native American population, and led to ‘The Great Dying’
What is malaria, measles and smallpox; killed 50-90% of their populations.
The Asian state that first welcomed European trade for their gunpowder, but then the shogunate resisted against them when they began destroying their unification by converting citizens to Christianity.
What is Tokugawa Japan, and the Shogun Tokugawa who violently suppressed conversion and began isolating from European trade except with the Dutch.
The way Europeans justified Chattel Slavery
What is ‘Blackness’
3 maritime tech innovations
What is the lateen sail, the Portuguese caravel, the portuguese carrack, the Dutch fluyt, increased knowledge of wind patterns, the magnetize compass, the astrolabe
How the Dutch managed to take the Indian Ocean trade crown from Portugal
what is the Dutch East Indian Company and maritime technology such as Dutch Fluyts
3 foods/crops introduced to the Americas;
3 foods/crops introduced to Afro-Eurasia
What is olives, wheat, grapes, rice, sugar, bananas
What is maize, potatoes,
all contributed to more rounded, healthy populations=population explosion after 1700
A series of rebellions in France against the absolutist king, in which the French nobility (angry form threats to their power) led peasants into rebellions.
What is the Fronde
Effects on Africa (notably west Africa) due to the Atlantic Slave Trade
gender imbalance on their demographics —> rise in polygamy, and cultural synthesis (the emergence of creole(mixed) languages in Brazil and the Caribbean)
The world’s wealth is a pie; the goal is to get as much pie as possible
What is mercantlism, and the reason colonies were created; to increase exports and increase wealth (silver & gold)
The man the Spanish crown sent to find a way around land trade routes AND Portugal’s trading empire.
Who is Christopher Columbus; led to the discovery of the Americas and the Spanish colonial holding of the Philippines, and led to other states recognizing the growth of the ’pie’ and start expanding their own maritime trading.
Example of cash cropping plantations that used enslaved African workers to produce exports.
Sugarcane plantations in the Caribbean
How British colonialists reacted after Jamaican free blacks resisted inside their Maroon society under leadership of ‘Queen Nanny’.
What is a treaty the British signed to allow the maroon society’s freedom.
one labor system that continued the way it was through this period, and one that changed.
The Mit’a system in the Inca Empire; citizens must labor on state projects for a designated amount each year. The Spanish took advantage of this and turned it into a way to force Incans into mining silver for them.
Chattel slavery; this kind of slavery is race-based and hereditary, and the size of this slave trade was massive compared to Indian Ocean and Mediterranean counterparts.
Allowed state and merchants to better work together, as the merchants relied on the state to grant monopolies, and the state relied on merchants to trade.
What is joint-stock companies.
The man Queen Elizebeth I of England sent to the Americas to follow Spain’s footsteps
Who is Sir Walter Raleigh, led to established Roanoke island, then Jamestown
These continued despite the change: the entrance and massive power grabs of European states into this network
What is…
Middle East and all of Asia continued to use the Indian Ocean network, and long established merchants like the Mughal Gujaratis continued to thrive
Overland routes like the silk roads remained under the control of Asian land-based powers, notably the Qing and Ottoman.
Peasant and artisan labor continued as Demand for food and consumer goods increased bc of increased trade connections and demand
This currency largely came from the Spanish’s American colonial holdings, and when it transferred home into Europe, was used to but Chinese good, satisfying China w/ silver and increasing their economic commercialization.
What is Silver
The African state king that converted to Christianity to facilitate trade with other Christian states
What was the Kind of the Congo, or the Kingdom of Congo
Catholic missionaries that were sent to colonies and indigenous populations to convert the populations (also a justification for colonization)
What is the Jesuits
This maintained the massive changes that occurred in the opening of the Atlantic system
this happened in South Asia as demand for cotton increased in Europe.
What is peasant farmers in South Asia increased their output/production of cotton—this led to an increase in their standard of living, too.
same kind of thing with silk production in china.
a system the Spanish used to divide indigenous American among Spanish settlers, and a system that forced Americans to provide labor for Spanish in exchange for food and protection.
What is the Encomienda system
Hacienda system (forced indigenous labor on plantations) similar; but based on land ownership as a way of controlling NAs
Due to forced or attempted conversion to christianity; the blending of some Christian beliefs/practices with indigenous (or African!) beliefs/practices
what is religious syncretism
EXAMPLE: Vodun was a religion that blended African Animist beliefs with Christian doctrines and practices