Unit 4 Cell Communication

General Features of Cell Communication

100

The stages of cell communication.

reception, transduction, and response

200

This is when adjacent cells have cell junctions that enable them to pass ions, signaling molecules, and other materials between the cytosol of one cell and the cytosol of another.

What is direct intercellular signaling?

300

This type of signaling occurs when one cell has a membrane-bound signaling molecule that is recognized by a receptor on the surface of another.

What is contact-dependent signaling?

400

In *blank* signaling, a cell secretes signaling molecules that bind receptors on its own cell surface or on neighboring cells of the same time, stimulating a response. In *blank* signaling, a specific cell secretes a signaling molecule that does not affect itself, but instead influences the behavior of target cells in close proximity. (SORRY that was a long question...)

What are autocrine and paracrine?

500

This type of signaling occurs over relatively long distances and utilizes molecules called hormones.

What is endocrine signaling?

Cellular Receptors and their Activation

100

When ligands alter the structure of their receptors, it causes this.

What is a conformational change?

200

These are receptors found in the plasma membrane onto which extracellular signals bind.

What are cell surface receptors?

300

These receptors contain seven transmembrane segments that wind back and forth through the plasma membrane; they interact with G proteins.

What are G-protein-coupled-receptors (GCPRs)?

400

Ligands bind to these types of receptors, which opens a channel and allows the flow of ions through the membrane, changing the concentration of ions within the cell.

What are ligand-gated ion channels?

500

This is an example of a steroid hormone that is secreted into the bloodstream from cells of endocrine glands; it is hydrophobic and can diffuse through the the plasma membrane of a target cell and bind to a receptor inside the cell. 

What is estrogen?

Signal Transduction and the Cellular Response

100

This is a signaling molecule that promotes cell division.

What is a growth factor?

200

When a signaling molecule binds to a cell surface receptor, the conformation change stimulates this.

What is a signal transduction pathway?

300

Signal transduction pathways may involve a cascade of intracellular *blank*(s)

What are kinases?

400

These intracellular signals allow more signal regulation and require less energy input. They amplify the signal.

What are second messengers?

500

What is Cupid the god of?

Love

Cell Cycle

100

Strings of nucleosomes.

What is chromatin?

200

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase

What are the stages of mitosis?

300

The chromosomes line up in the center of the cell.

What happens during metaphase?

400

The stage that cells enter when they are quiescent.

What is gap zero?

500

Proteins that control the cell cycle.

What are cyclins?

Miscellaneous

100

This is programmed cell death.

What is apoptosis?

200

In this first stage of cell signaling, the binding of a signaling molecule causes a conformational change in a receptor that activates its function.

What is reception?

300

In this stage of cell signaling, the signal transduction pathway affects the functions and/or amounts of cellular proteins.

What is cellular response?

400

In this stage of cell signaling, the activated receptor stimulates a series of proteins that forms a signal transduction pathway.

What is signal transduction?

500

Ligands bond *blank* to receptors with high *blank*. Choices: Covalently or noncovalently and specificity or nonspecificity

What are noncovalently and specificity?