Signaling - Reception
What is the name of the signaling molecule that binds to the receptor?
a ligand
What is transduction?
transmitting a signal from a ligand through the cell
What are some examples of cellular responses?
Gene expression
Protein synthesis
Ion diffusion
Release of chemicals
Many more
What are the three main stages of the cell cycle as a whole?
1. Interphase
2. Mitosis
3. Cytokinesis
What are the three main checkpoints that regulate cell cycle?
G1, G2, and Metaphase
What is juxtacrine signaling?
cells communicate by direct contact
What is a secondary messenger?
molecules that relay and amplify a signal through a cell
What are the two types of response regulation?
Cytoplasmic
Transcription
In which phase of interphase is the DNA replicated?
S phase
Why is the G2 checkpoint incredibly important?
regulates cell division
What is paracrine signaling?
cells send out signaling molecules to cells nearby
What is an example of a secondary messenger we talked about in class?
cAMP
Ca2+
IP3
What is an example of negative feedback?
blood glucose regulation and most responses in the body
In which phase of mitosis are the sister chromatids separated?
Anaphase
What happens to the levels of cdk throughout the cell cycle?
remains constant
What is endocrine signaling?
cells send signals into the bloodstream to a different area of the body
What will happen if a mutation drastically changes the intracellular part of a receptor protein?
What is an example of positive feedback?
Contractions in labor
Blood clotting
Fruit ripening
many others
In which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes unravel?
Telophase
What happens when cdk binds to cyclin?
active MPF formed; mitosis is initiated
What is one type of receptor we've talked about in class?
G protein-linked
Tyrosine-kinase
Ion channels
Intracellular
What part of a receptor protein will recognize the ligand and spark transduction?
a peptide
a small chemical
a protein
What is one cellular response that cancerous cells do not undergo?
Apoptosis or stopping cell division
What is the nondividing phase in which cells reside most of the time?
G0 phase
How is cancer prevented in normal cells when MPF is activated?
cyclin-degrading enzymes are also activated so cells only go through one cycle of mitosis until they're ready for another cycle of mitosis