Homeostasis
maintaining a stable internal environment
signals that are sent and received by the same cell
autocrine
during what phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
metaphase
what disease occurs when there is too much cell growth
cancer
what is the purpose of enzymes
speed up reactions
type of feedback mechanism that would regulate blood pressure, blood sugar, heart rate
negative feedback
receptors that are located inside the cell
intracellular receptors
what phase of the cell cycles does DNA replicate
S
what is the difference in a benign and malginant tumor
benign is in one spot
malignant has cells broken off and moving through body
during anaphase, what happens to the chromosome
sister chromatids separate
how is postive feedback different from negative feedback
positive feedback amplifies a signal, while negative feedback stabilizes a signal
2 types of responses that can happen after the transduction
opening of ion channels or alterning gene expression
what are sister chromatids
identical halves of a chromosomes
name 2 carcinogens
tobacco smoke
absestos
what is the difference in adult and embryonic stem cells
embryonic- not differentiated
adult- differentiated
in thermoregulation (body temperature), if you are too hot, you will sweat to cool down. What would the stimulus be
heat
things that block signals from binding to receptors
inhibitors
what 3 things occur during prophase
chromatin--> chromosomes
nuclear envelope disappears
spindle fibers form
if cells are damaged or old, they are programmed to die, this is referred to as
apoptosis
these types of signals require direct contact between the cell that made the signal and the cell that is receiving the signal
juxtacrine
in thermoregulation (body temperature), if you are too hot, you will sweat to cool down. What would the effector be
sweat glands
process that removes phosphate groups from proteins, changing the shape and allowing the signal to be passed to the next protein
dephosphorylation
what is a gastrula
a cell with 3 distinct germ layers
where are the 3 checkpoints located
G1
G2
M (specifically anaphase)
what is feedback inhibition
output of a process is used as an input to control the behavior of the overall process itself, usually leading to inhibition of the process