Cell Signaling Steps
What are the three main steps of cell signaling?
Reception, transduction, and response
What is the signal molecule that binds to a receptor?
Ligand
What carries the signal from the receptor and may be used to activate protein kinases or other key molecules in the transduction process?
Second messangers
What is the name of the cell division process that bacteria undergo?
Binary fission
What is the term for all of the genetic information in a cell?
Genome
What is the target cell's detection of a signal molecule called?
Reception
What receptor allows hydrophobic molecules to pass through the cell membrane?
Intracellular receptors
What are the two main second messengers?
Ca2+ and cyclic AMP (cAMP)
Why do cells undergo mitosis?
Growth, to replace old cells, for healing wounds and injuries
When chromsomes are replicated, each duplicated chromosome consists of _____ sister chromatids attached by a centromere?
What is the conversion of the signal to a form that can bring about a particular cell response called?
What receptor allows hydrophilic molecules to pass through the membrane?
Plasma membrane receptors
What phenomenon activates protein kinases by the addition of a phosphate group?
Phosphorylation cascade
What is the name of the phase where cells exit the cell cycle for a period of time but can still perform life processes?
G0
The DNA sequence in sister chromatids are _____.
Identical
What is the specific cellular response to the signal molecule called?
Response
What is the receptor in the cell membrane that requires a protein to work as an on/off switch called?
G-protein-linked receptors
Insulin, testosterone, ADH, and estrogen are all examples of what?
Hormones
What are the names of the phases of interphase in order?
G1, S, G2, and M phase
What is the name of the structure that holds sister chromatids together?
Centromere
What is sensing the concentration of signaling molecules that allows bacteria to monitor their own local cell density called?
Quorum sensing
What is the type of cell receptor that is more efficient than G-protein reception because it has more receptors called?
Transduction may activate transcription factors that initiate transcription of particular genes in the nucleus in which response by a cell?
Regulating synthesis of proteins
What are the names of the phases that cells go through during mitosis and meiosis in order?
Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
How does the division of chromosomes differ between mitosis and meiosis?
During mitosis, the sister chromatids are pulled apart during anaphase. However, in meiosis, homologous chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate, and during anaphase 1, the homologs are pulled apart.