Meiosis
This process of cell division specifically produces gametes in humans.
meiosis
DNA stands for this
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
This type of RNA is responsible for carrying the genetic code from DNA to the cytoplasm.
mRNA (messenger RNA)
This type of mutation occurs when a single base pair in DNA is altered
point mutation
This term describes an organism with two identical alleles for a trait.
During this stage of meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up at the equator of the cell.
metaphase I
These are the four bases found in DNA.
adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine
These small structures found in the cytoplasm read the RNA message to make proteins.
ribosomes
This mutation results from the addition or loss of DNA bases and changes the way the subsequent codons are read.
frameshift mutation
This tool is used to predict the result of a genetic cross.
Punnett Square
This term describes the exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids during prophase I of meiosis.
crossing over
sugar phosphate backbone
This is the process by which mRNA is decoded to produce a specific polypeptide according to the rules specified by the genetic code.
translation
True or False: Mutations naturally occur
True
This type of genetic cross involves two traits where both parents are heterozygous for both traits, used to demonstrate independent assortment.
dihybrid cross
This number represents the total chromosomes in human gametes after meiosis, half of the total found in somatic cells.
23
This type of bond holds the nitrogenous bases together in the structure of DNA.
hydrogen bonds
Name the start codon for mRNA transcription in eukaryotes.
AUG
Name the mutation characterized by the presence of a base change that does not result in a different amino acid.
silent mutation
In this type of dominance, both alleles in the heterozygote are fully expressed, resulting in offspring with a phenotype that is neither dominant nor recessive.
codominance
This is the specific stage of meiosis I where homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles.
anaphase I
This feature of DNA is responsible for its semi-conservative replication, where each strand serves as a template for a new one. (hint: how do you know what base matches with the template strand?)
complementary base pairing rule
This term describes the sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that does not code for an amino acid but instead signals the end of protein synthesis.
stop codon
True or False: All mutations lead to change in proteins
False
This type of inheritance pattern is seen when a trait is controlled by multiple genes, each having a small additive effect on the phenotype.
This inheritance pattern is seen in traits such as eye color, height, and skin color
polygenic inheritance