Earth's Structure
Earth's Composition
Plate Tectonics
Minerals
Mining and Ore Deposits
Soil
Weathering and Erosion
Energy
100
The lithosphere can be found in what layer?
crust
100
What's the most abundant mineral on Earth?
quartz/silica
100
What feature forms near subduction zones due to the presence of melting crust?
Volcanoes
100
Hardness is a measure of __________
the resistance to being scratched.
100
What are the three type of rocks?
Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic
100
Rank the soil particles in order from smallest to largest.
Clay -> Silt -> Sand
100
What causes soil erosion? Name at least three.
- Weathering
- Wind
- Rain
- Farming
- Organisms
100
DAILY DOUBLE
Which of the following types of energy sources are classified as "non-renewable":
Oil, Coal, Nuclear Power, Solar, Geothermal, Hydrologic
Oil, Coal, Nuclear Power
200
This semi-fluid layer in the upper mantle causes the movement of the plates above.
Asthenosphere
200
What is the most abundant metal in the crust?
Aluminum
200
Which plate is more dense: oceanic or continental?
oceanic
200
What mineral has a hardness of 7?
Quartz
200
You find an iron deposit that is only 0.05% iron by mass. Is this likely a resource or a reserve?
Explain.
Resource - there isn't an economical amount
200
What is Horizon O?
organic material composed of decomposed plants and animals
Known as "humus"
200
Chemical weathering that occurs when rock elements combine with oxygen.
What is oxidation?
200
What makes an energy resource be classified as a renewable resource.
It can be renewed/forms on a human time scale.
300
DAILY DOUBLE
Which layer is liquid and is responsible for creating electrical currents that create our magnetic field?
outer core
300
Rock with moderately high amounts of iron and magnesium would be described as:
Mafic, Felic, Ultramafic, Metallic
Mafic
300
How far will a plate travel in meters over 60,000 years if it moves at a net rate of 25 mm/year?
1500 m
300
Streak describes what property?
powdered form
300
Which type of mining has the least amount of environmental impact but the greatest cost?
Subsurface Mining
300
DAILY DOUBLE
Soil that drains very quickly would be described as what:
Permeable
300
Type of wind erosion that occurs when soil moves very slowly in masses.
Creep
300
Which type of energy source is usually the most costly to implement?
Nuclear Power
400
What is the inner core solid, despite being the hottest part of the earth.
The pressure is immense
400
What is the last mineral to form in bowen's reaction series?
Quartz/Silica
400
What is the proof that seafloor spreading occurs at the same rate on both sides of a mid-ocean ridge.
Identical magnetic bands on either side.
400
DAILY DOUBLE
A gold crystalline mineral has a black streak and a slight egg smell. What mineral is this?
Pyrite
400
Which of the following type of ore deposits heavily involve the igneous rock cycle?
Magmatic Ore, Hydrothermal, Sedimentary, Residual, Placer
magmatic ore and hydrothermal
400
Which soil horizon will likely become a Sedimentary Ore Deposit.
B horizon -- the layer where leached materials are deposited.
400
The effect on soil caused by overwatering and overfertilization that decreases crop yields with time.
Salinization
400
Geothermal and Hydrologic power are both cheap, easy-to-maintain energy sources. Why are they so rarely used compared to other renewable energy forms?
They can only be used where there is volcanic activity or rivers so they can't be used anywhere.
500
Draw an approximate diagram of the showing the patterns of temperature changes in the earth from the crust to the inner core.
500
The mantle and core are primarily made of what two elements?
Iron and Nickel
500
What three factors are responsible for the movement of earth's crust.
- Convection currents in the mantle
- The weight of sinking/subducting tectonic plates
- The force of plates being pushed out at spreading centers
500
Give the 5-part definition of a mineral
A
- naturally occurring
- inorganic
- crystalline
- solid
- with a specific chemical composition
500
Mine tailings are usually stored on-site at mines. What is one major source of environmental harmed caused by mine tailings?
Acid-Mine Drainage
500
DAILY DOUBLE
What type of soil do you have if it is 33% Sand, 48% Silt, and 19% Clay
loam
500
Why is it so important to prevent erosion of topsoil. Be specific.
It takes 100s of years to form large amounts of top soil.
500
What are the most commonly used energy resources in the united states?
Oil, Coal, Natural Gas
9999
Describe four ways to reduce soil erosion.
- Conservation Tillage - till a little as possible
- crop rotation to preserve soil nutrients
- plow along the slope contours/elevations of the field
- use waterways to promote biodiversity
- plant windbreaks like trees.
- terrace fields to slow down runoff
- install wetlands to capture excess soil and water