Protein synthesis
what are the two steps of protein synthesis
transcription/translation
what are cylins
enzymes that control the cell cycle
what is the first step in DNA replication
unzipping the DNA with Helicase
what is mitosis
divisison of the nucleus
what are mutations
any change in the DNA sequence
describe transcription and translation
transcription: DNA to RNA
Translation: RNA to protein
what are tumors
Massive tumor cells
Why do we need more DNA?
Because to undergo mitosis, we need an extra copy of DNA.
what are the steps of mitosis
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophse
what are point mutations
mutations that affect a certain area of the dna
where does transcription and translation occur
Transcription: in the nucleus
Translation: in the cytoplas
what do prohibitors do
allow the cell to continue into the next phase
what is the final product of DNA replication?
Two identical strands of DNA
what is the longest phase of mitosis
prophase
what are chromosomal mutations
mutations that affect large areas of the DNA
Define all RNA
tRNA: transfer RNA
mRNA: messenger RNA
rRNA:ribosomal RN
what do inhibitors do
prevent the cell from going to the next phase
what is the shape of DNA
double helix
what happens in anaphase
spindle fibers retract towards the opposite end of the cell
sister chromatids are pulled apart
what is a silent codon
the mutated codon still codes for the same amino acid
what happens when the ribosome reads UAA
It stops coding
when do mistakes occur
when the genes for cyclins are mutated
-overproduction of promoter cyclins
-lack of production of inhibitor cyclins
In what phase does DNA replication occur
S phase
what do spindle fibers form from
centrioles
what are carcinogens
Toxic substances