Stereotypes, Attribution, and Attitudes
The experience of mental discomfort when we realize that we either hold contradictory attitudes or we behave in a way that contradicts an attitude we hold
What is cognitive dissonance?
A classic psychology study where two groups of boys at a summer camp were manipulated into conflict through competition and then reconciled through working together on goals that required cooperation
What is the Robbers Cave Experiment?
ONE factor that would make a participant LESS likely to continue administering shocks in a Milgram-style obedience experiment.
What are: decreasing authority of experimenter, decreasing legitimacy of institution, decreasing distance between teacher and learning, providing a model of defiance?
A cognitive bias where people believe generic, vague personality descriptions apply uniquely to them
What is the Barnum Effect?
The tendency for repeated exposure to stimuli to increase our liking of them
What is the Mere Exposure Effect?
The tendency to attribute positive outcomes in one’s life to internal character traits (e.g. skill) while blaming failures on external situational factors (e.g. luck)
What is self-serving bias?
The theory that conflict emerges due to the perception of scarcity and zero-sum (win-lose) situations
What is Realistic Conflict Theory?
The famous experiment conducted by Philip Zimbardo, asking whether situations or character traits are more responsible for behavior
What is the Stanford Prison Experiment?
In Freud's theory, the instinct-driven, pleasure-seeking part of our unconscious mind, focused on immediate gratification
What is the id?
The idea that a biological need creates an aroused state that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.
What is Drive Reduction Theory?
A tendency to attribute negative behaviors by outgroup members to inherent, internal flaws, while attributing their positive behaviors to external, situational factors. Conversely, ingroup positive acts are attributed to character, and negative acts to situation.
What is ultimate attribution bias?
A situation in which two parties, by each pursuing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior
What is a social trap?
The percentage of participants who continued to the maximum shock level in Stanley Milgram's original 1963 study on obedience.
What is 66%? (Accept 60-70)
A mature defense mechanism in which destructive, unacceptable impulses or emotions are redirected into constructive, acceptable activities
What is sublimation?
TRUE or FALSE: most research shows that opposites attract
What is FALSE?
A research tool that aims to measure unconscious, automatic connections between concepts (e.g., age, race, etc) and evaluations (e.g., "good"/"bad"), highlighting hidden biases formed by culture and experience
What is the Implicit Association Test (IAT)?
TRUE or FALSE: grading according to a z-score scale would likely increase conflict
What is TRUE?
The percentage of critical trials during which participants conformed to an incorrect answer in Solomon Asch's original study on conformity.
What is 37%? (Accept 30-40)
What are Openness, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism?
The only variable that significantly predicted romantic evaluations in Aronson et al.'s 1966 study on the factors influencing attraction.
What is physical attractiveness/appearance?
An erroneous inference about the relationship between two events, which contributes to the inaccuracy of stereotypes
What is illusory correlation?
THREE factors that make parties MORE likely to cooperate in a prisoner's dilemma situation
What are: iterative/repeated trials, reputation for being trustworthy, ingroup membership, communication (only when trials are iterative)?
The author of Eichmann in Jerusalem
Who is Hannah Arendt?
A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of test items that make up basic components of a trait
What is factor analysis?
The FIVE tiers of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
What are physiological needs, safety and security, love and belonging, self-esteem, self-actualization?