Presidential Powers
This power allows the president to lead the military.
Commander-in-Chief
This case ruled school-sponsored prayer unconstitutional.
Engel v. Vitale
The Senate must do this before a judge takes office.
Confirm (approve nomination)
Philosophy interpreting Constitution by original meaning.
Originalism / Strict Interpretation
Hiring based on exams and qualifications.
Merit System
This term describes using the presidency to influence public opinion.
Bully Pulpit
This case involved Amish parents refusing to send kids to school past 8th grade.
Wisconsin v. Yoder
Courts influenced by political parties are called this.
Partisan
Philosophy where courts avoid overturning laws.
Judicial Restraint
Hiring based on political reward.
Patronage
Orders issued by the president that carry force of law.
Executive Orders
The constitutional clause involved in school prayer cases.
Establishment Clause
A court divided strongly by ideology is described as this.
Polarized
Judges willing to strike down laws to protect rights practice this.
Judicial Activism
A non-elected government worker.
Civil Servant
The president’s power to forgive federal crimes.
Pardon Power
The freedom protected in Wisconsin v. Yoder.
Free Exercise of Religion
Cooperation between political parties is called this.
Bipartisanship
Idea that Constitution changes with society.
Living Constitution
A person appointed by the president to lead an agency.
Political Appointee
Name one constitutional check Congress has on presidential power.
Examples: impeachment, override veto, reject appointments, refuse funding
Principle stating government cannot favor religion.
Separation of church and state
Name one way another branch checks the judiciary.
Examples: impeachment of judges, appointment power, changing jurisdiction
Philosophy saying courts should defer to elected branches unless clearly unconstitutional.
Judicial Restraint
One advantage of bureaucracy.
Examples: expertise, efficiency, stability, specialization