Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Operant Conditioning’s Applications, and Comparison to Classical Conditioning
Biology, Cognition, and Learning
Learning by Observation
100

Learning that certain events occur together

 Associative Learning?

100

Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely.

Law of Effect

100

Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.

Respondent behavior

100

A mental representation of the layout of one’s environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it.

Cognitive Map

100

Learning by observing others. Also called social learning.

Observational learning

200

The acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language.

Cognitive Learning

200

In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows.

Reinforcement

200

Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences.

Operant Behavior

200

Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.

Latent Learning

200

The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior.

Modeling

300

Any event or situation that evokes a response.

Stimulus

300

An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.

Shaping
300

The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).

Behaviorism

300

A sudden realization of a problem’s solution.

Insight Learning

300

Frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain’s mirroring of another’s action may enable imitation and empathy.

Mirror Neurons

400

An organism’s decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it

Habituation

400

In operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement).

Discriminative Stimulus  

400

The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.

Spontaneous Recovery

400

A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake.

Intrinsic Motivation

400

Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior.

Prosocial Behavior

500

A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events.

Classical Conditioning

500

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses.

Variable-ratio Schedule  

500

The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.

Generalization

500

The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive  events.

Learned Helplessness

500

The war between impulsivity and doing what's right or beneficial.

Self Control