10a
What are proto-oncogenes positive regulators of?
BONUS +100 if you include 3 examples
proliferation (RAS, Her2, EGFR)
Define syngeneic and allogeneic and xenograft
Syngenic: identical twin allogenic: same species nonidentical xenograft: different species
Describe type 2 HS
IgG to cell/tissue antigens
WHat are the two main things that cause type 2 HS inflammation initiation
complement activation and fc-receptor
Do mutations cause complete failure of immunity?
RARELY
Describe a tumor-specific antigen
Antigens in a tumor not found in normal tissue, result of random mutations (neoantigen)
How many alleles are in a population
12,000
What is the initial exposure to allergen called? Is there disease or pathology?
Sensitization, no pathology nor disease
•Immune suppression with corticosteroids
•Plasmapheresis
•HIVIG from normal health donors
•Reduce B cell population with anti-CD20
What are the 2 different causes of autosomal recessive SCID
ADA deficiency and RAG1/2
Describe 2 traditional cancer therapies
Radiation: production of ROIs in tissue to damage DNA
Chemotherapy: directly or indirectly cause DNA damage that preferentially kills rapidly dividing cells
What must happen to the host to reject a graft? WHen does this occur?
Sensitization at the moment of transplant
What is the late phase reaction of T1 HS
1-several hours after antigen exposure
mast cell degranulation and cytokine secretion recruits eosinophils, neutrophils, Th2 effector cells
what is the target antigen and mechanism of rheumatic fever
target: streptococcal cell wall antigen; antibody cross-reacts with myocardial antigen
mechanism: inflamation, macrophage activation
When is purified protein treatment effective
•Only effective if the protein is active in circulation because delivery into the cells is difficult
Describe the mechanism of autologous T cells as tumor treatment
Describe indirect allorecognition
Host DC ingest alloantigens and activate host CD4 T cells
Host DCs and CD4+ T cells infiltrate graft where T cells induce cytokine damage
ANTIBODIES
What is desensitization and antihistamine mechanisms of action
Desensitization: dunno but could inhibit IgE production
Antihistamine: blocks action of histamine on vessels and smooth msucles
What is the antibody specificity and manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus
DNA, nucleoproteins
nephritis, arthritis, vasculitis
What is important about CCR5 delta 32 mutation
resistance to HIV
•CCR5 co-receptor for viral internalization
•Delta 32 mutation also seems to be protective against S. aureus nasal carriage
•Delta 32 mutation least to more susceptibility to west nile virus and tick-borne encephalitis virus
What are the 2 mechanisms of checkpoint blockade
Allow costimulation to occur and blocks induction of apoptosis
What is acute cellular rejection
timing: days to weeks
CTLs directly destroy graft
CD$+ cells produce cytokines to induce inflammation
treatment: suppress T cell activation
What is the mechanism of CTLA-4-Ig and Anti-IL2
CTLA4 one: inhibits T cell activation by blocking B7 costimulator binding to T cell CD28
Anti-IL2: inhibits T cell proliferation by blocking IL-2 binding, may also opsonize and help eliminate activated IL-2R expressing T cells
macrophages and neutrophils
How do you treat SCID
stem cell transplant