Attribution Theory
The tendency to overemphasize personal characteristics and ignore situational factors when judging others' behavior.
What is the fundamental attribution error?
A settled way of thinking or feeling about someone or something.
What is an attitude?
Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to match those of others or to meet group standards
What is conformity?
An approach to the study of human personality that identifies and measures the degree to which certain personality aspects—recurring patterns of thought and behavior—exist from individual to individual.
What is the trait theory of personality?
Engaging in behavior to earn a reward or avoid punishment.
What is extrinsic motivation?
The common habit of a person taking credit for positive events or outcomes, but blaming outside factors for negative events.
What is self-serving bias?
The phenomenon where people tend to develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar with them.
What is the mere exposure effect?
Complying with the instructions or orders from an authority figure.
What is obedience?
A model based on common language descriptors of personality, which includes five broad dimensions: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.
What is the five-factor or "Big 5" model?
A theory of motivation that suggests people are primarily motivated as a result of addressing biological needs
What is drive-reduction theory?
The tendency to attribute our own actions to external factors while attributing others' actions to internal factors.
What is the actor-observer bias?
The mental discomfort experienced by a person who holds two or more contradictory beliefs or values at the same time.
What is cognitive dissonance?
The phenomenon where individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when other people are present.
What is the bystander effect?
A theory developed by Freud that posits that personality is formed through conflicts among three fundamental structures of the human mind: the id, ego, and superego.
What is the psychoanalytic theory of personality?
A complex psychological state that involves a physiological response, behavioral expression, and conscious experience.
What is emotion?
The belief that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get.
What is the just-world hypothesis?
The tendency for people to perform differently when in the presence of others than when alone.
What is social facilitation?
The tendency of individuals to put in less effort when working in a group than when working individually.
What is social loafing?
An approach that emphasizes personal growth, resilience, and the achievement of human potential.
What is the humanistic theory of personality?
A principle stating that performance increases with arousal but only up to a certain point, after which it decreases.
What is the Yerkes-Dodson law?
The tendency for an impression created in one area to influence opinion in another area.
What is the halo effect?
A theory explaining two ways in which persuasive communications can cause attitude change: centrally and peripherally.
What is the elaboration likelihood model?
The practice of thinking or making decisions as a group, often resulting in unchallenged, poor-quality decision-making.
What is groupthink?
A theory that emphasizes the interaction of thinking and judging, in combination with the influence of others and the environment, in the development of personality.
What is the social-cognitive theory of personality?
The theory that facial expressions can influence emotional experiences
What is the facial feedback hypothesis?