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Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Cognitive Learning
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100
What famous animal is associated with classical conditioning?
Pavlov's dog
100
A ______________ will increase the chance that a behavior will reoccur while a ____________ will decrease it.
reinforcement; punishment
100
Cognitive learning (modeling) may be learned through ______________ and imitation
observation
100
What schedule of reinforcement should be used if the boss of a company wants to get his workers to increase their rate of production.
Fixed interval (reward given for every X # of goods produced).
100
____________ is a relatively enduring or permanent change in behavior that results from previous experience
Learning
200
Our body's normal reaction to being presented a plate of good-smelling food is to salivate. In this example, the plate of food is the ___________ ___________ and the salivation is the __________ ____________
unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response
200
The procedure in which an experimenter successively reinforces behaviors that lead up the desired behavior is known as ____________ (hint: you can use this procedure to teach a pigeon to play piano)
What is shaping
200
What psychologist is most closely associated with the social cognitive theory of learning. (Hint --> He designed the bobo doll experiment)
Albert Bandura
200
A child learns to call his own father "daddy" but not other men. This is known as ______________.
Discrimination.
200
If the wrong behavior is reinforced, a _______________ might result. (For example, you forgot to pack a lunch on the day of the SAT but you did really well on it anyway. Now, you don't pack a lunch on test days because you think it will help your test score performance).
superstition.
300
I used to feed my cats some tuna whenever I made tuna salad for lunch. I always opened the cans of tuna with an electric can opener. Now, every time my cats hear the electric can opener, even if I'm opening soup, they start to meow in expectation of being fed. The sound of the can opener has become the ____________ ____________.
conditioned stimulus
300
Give an example of a negative punishment
Grounding a teen for staying out late (take something pleasurable away in order to decrease likelihood of behavior)
300
What was the independent and dependent variable in the Bobo Doll experiment?
IV = video of adults acting aggressively DV =child's aggressive behavior
300
What is anticipatory nausea?
When a patient with chemo starts to feel nauseous before even beginning treatment (result of classical conditioning)
300
Food is a _____________ reinforcer; tickets that can be exchanged for a prize are a _____________ reinforcer.
primary; secondary
400
Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat. Now, he gets upset even is shown a white dog or a white fur coat. Little Albert is showing _______________.
Generalization
400
Give an example of a negative reinforcement
Taking away an aversive stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior. Ex: A pigeon will learn to peck at a button if he/she learns that doing so will reduce shock/pain.
400
Give an example of insight learning
Kohler's chimpanzee experiment
400
Using the principles of classical conditioning, explain how a phobia might develop.
A person has a bad experience when they are young but connect the bad experience to a neutral stimulus. That neutral stimulus becomes a CS leading to feelings of anxiety (the CR).
400
This psychologist believed that all behavior could be explained by reinforcements and punishments. He was only concerned with observable behavior.
B.F. Skinner
500
Using the example of Pavlov's dog, explain the concepts of extinction and spontaneous recovery.
To extinguish the dog's salivation at the sound of a bell, ring the bell but do not present food. Do this several times, and he will eventually stop salivating at the sound of the bell. However, ring the bell and give him food, and he will experience spontaneous recovery on the next trial.
500
What are the four schedules of reinforcement and what are the differences between them?
Fixed ratio --> Reinforce every X times Variable ratio --> Reinforce an average of every X times Fixed interval --> Reinforce every X amount of time Variable interval --> Reinforce an average of every X amount of time
500
What is one example of imprinting?
A baby chick will follow it's mother. Human babies will learn to speak. (Any behavior that results from an inherited tendency for how to respond to certain stimuli soon after birth).
500
Use the principles of operant conditioning to explain why some students can't seem to put their phones away.
Text messages/emails are reinforcers. Every time a text arrives, it increases our behavior of checking our phone. Texts arrive at a variable interval, which increases our tendency to want to keep checking for more messages.
500
What is the law of effect?
Behaviors followed by a positive consequence are strengthened. Behaviors followed by a negative consequence are weakened. (E.L. Thondike)