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Experiment done by Zimbardo:
- guards developed disparaging attitudes, devising cruel
- prisoners broke down rebelled or passively resigned
Prisoner-Guard : Role-Playing affects attitudes
Individuals in groups lose their self-awareness / feel anonymous and sense of responsibility.
Deindividuation
Socially unacceptable impulses, urges, or anxieties are unconsciously transformed into socially acceptable, productive behaviors. (defense mechanism)
Sublimation
People to perform better on simple or well-learned tasks when in the presence of others
Social facilitation
People experience psychological discomfort when their attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors are inconsistent.(Festinger)
Cognitive dissonance theory
Person's behavior, personal factors and environment all interact and influence each other simultaneously (Bandura, Social-cognitive theory)
Reciprocal determinism
Desire for group harmony overrides realistic appraisal of alternatives, leading to poor decision-making.
Groupthink
Adjusting behaviors or beliefs to align with group norms, often driven by a desire for normative influence vs informational influence.
Group conformity
Normative influence (social acceptance)
Informational influence (belief group is correct)
Belief in their capacity to execute behaviors necessary to produce specific performance attainments
Self-efficacy
Expectation, either positive or negative, about people or events that may affect a person's behavior, causing those expectations to be fulfilled
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Drive to engage in an activity for its own sake, stemming from internal satisfaction, enjoyment, or personal interest rather than external rewards
Intrinsic motivation
Behavior is determined by unconscious drives, childhood experiences, and interpersonal relationships.
Unconscious mind
Psychodynamic
Motivation arises from biological needs that create unpleasant states of tension, or "drives." Organisms are motivated to reduce these drives to maintain homeostasis
Drive-reduction theory
Person’s tendency toward self-discipline, organization, responsibility, and achievement-striving.
Big Five theory of personality : OCEAN
Conscientiousness
Person is faced with a single goal or event that possesses both positive (attractive) and negative (repelling) aspects.
Lewin’s motivational conflicts theory
approach-avoidance conflict
tendency to overemphasize personal traits and underestimate situational influences when explaining others' behavior.
Fundamental attribution error
Person unconsciously attribute their own unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or impulses onto others to reduce anxiety (defense mechanism)
Projection
Facial expressions can influence and modulate emotional experiences, rather than just reflecting them
Facial-feedback hypothesis
Positive emotions (joy, interest, contentment) broaden an individual’s awareness and encourage novel, exploratory thoughts and actions
Broaden-and build theory
Cognitive bias where individuals overestimate the extent to which others share their beliefs, behaviors, and attitudes.
False consensus effect
Cognitive framework where individuals habitually interpret negative events as personal, permanent, and pervasive
Explanatory style (pessimistic)
Individuals feel less personal obligation to act in a group setting because they assume others will intervene
Diffusion of responsibility ==> Bystander effect
Explore the unconscious by analyzing responses to ambiguous stimuli. Examples include the Rorschach inkblot test and the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).
Projective test
Interpreting and evaluating an event or situation, which directly dictates an individual's emotional and behavioral response
Cognitive appraisal
Perceive that one is worse off relative to a comparison standard—such as peers, expectations, or the past—leading to dissatisfaction and frustration
Relative deprivation