Group Dynamics
The tendency for individuals to exert less effort when working in a group than when working alone.
Social Loafing
A generalized belief about a particular category of people, often oversimplified and not based on direct experience.
Stereotype
refers to engaging in activities for their own sake, driven by internal rewards such as personal satisfaction, enjoyment, or a sense of achievement.
Intrinsic Motivation
an individual is accepted and loved as they are, without any conditions or judgments, fostering personal growth and self-acceptance.
Unconditional Positive Regard
consists of processes and memories that are beyond conscious awareness and significantly influence thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
Unconscious Mind
The phenomenon where individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when other people are present. The greater the number of people, the less likely any one individual is to help.
Bystander Effect
A method of persuasion that relies on superficial cues such as attractiveness or credibility of the speaker, rather than the actual content of the message, leading to temporary attitude changes.
Peripheral Route of Persuasion
suggests that facial expressions can influence emotions, meaning that smiling can make you feel happier and frowning can make you feel sadder.
Facial-Feedback Hypothesis
The belief in one's own ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task, which plays a crucial role in how goals, tasks, and challenges are approached.
Self Efficacy
an ego defense mechanism where an individual reverts to earlier stages of development and childlike behaviors when faced with stress or emotional conflict.
Regression
When people in a group talk about an idea, they often end up agreeing even more strongly with each other, making their group opinion more extreme.
Group Polarization
unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members.
Discrimination
cultural norms that dictate how, when, and where individuals should express emotions.
Display Rules
suggest that personality is made up of stable characteristics that consistently influence how a person thinks and behaves.
Trait Theories
an ego defense mechanism where distressing thoughts and feelings are unconsciously blocked from entering conscious awareness.
Repression
The tendency for people to perform differently when in the presence of others, typically showing improved performance on simple or well-practiced tasks and worse performance on complex or new tasks.
Social Facilitation
A persuasion strategy where a large, initial request is made knowing it will be refused, followed by a smaller, more reasonable request that is more likely to be accepted.
Door in the Face
Law that states performance increases with physiological or mental arousal (alertness), but only up to a point; when levels of arousal become too high, performance decreases.
Yerkes-Dodson Law
personality trait marked by organization, dependability, discipline, and a goal-directed approach to life.
Conscientiousness
an ego defense mechanism where individuals suppress unacceptable impulses by unconsciously displaying the opposite behavior or emotion.
Reaction Formation
A psychological state where individuals lose their self-awareness and sense of individuality in group settings, often leading to impulsive and deviant behavior.
Deindividuation
The tendency to blame people’s actions more on their personality and less on their situation.
Fundamental Attribution Error
Theory for behavior is motivated by the need to reduce internal needs caused by physiological deficits, such as hunger or thirst, aiming to restore homeostasis.
Drive-Reduction Theory
a personality trait characterized by warmth, kindness, empathy, and a cooperative and trusting nature.
Agreeableness
an ego defense mechanism where emotional impulses are redirected from the original source to a safer or more acceptable substitute target.
Displacement