Group Dynamics
the desire for harmony or conformity in a group leads to irrational or dysfunctional decision-making outcomes. Members suppress dissenting opinions, leading to a loss of individual creativity and responsibility.
Groupthink
The cognitive bias where a positive impression in one area (like attractiveness) leads to positive evaluations in other areas, influencing overall judgments about a person.
Halo Effect
A belief that the world is fundamentally fair, leading people to rationalize injustice or misfortune as deserved.
Just-World Phenomenon
The body’s effort to maintain stable internal conditions.
Homeostasis
Refers to the innate drive in every individual to grow, develop, and realize their fullest potential
Self-Actualizing Tendency
A psychological state where individuals lose their self-awareness and sense of individuality in group settings, often leading to impulsive and deviant behavior.
Deindividuation
Assuming a person's actions are due to their personality, not their situation.
Dispositional Attributions
Unconscious beliefs or feelings that influence a person's behavior and perceptions without their awareness.
Implicit Attitudes
Cultural norms that dictate how, when, and where individuals should express emotions.
Display Rules
An ego defense mechanism where individuals suppress unacceptable impulses by unconsciously displaying the opposite behavior or emotion.
Reaction Formation
The tendency for people to perform differently when in the presence of others, typically showing improved performance on simple or well-practiced tasks and worse performance on complex or new tasks.
Social Facilitation
A method of persuasion that relies on superficial cues such as attractiveness or credibility of the speaker, rather than the actual content of the message, leading to temporary attitude changes.
Peripheral Route of Persuasion
An unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members. This generally involves negative emotions, stereotyped beliefs, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.
Prejudice
Refers to the tendency to seek out social and experiential thrills by engaging in behaviors that are typically restrained by social norms and inhibitions.
Disinhibition
Contains thoughts and feelings that are not currently in conscious awareness but can be easily accessed when needed.
Preconscious Mind
A feeling of dissatisfaction or injustice experienced when individuals compare themselves to others and perceive that they are worse off.
Relative Deprivation
The belief that outcomes and events are determined by external forces or fate, rather than one's own actions.
External Locus of Control
The tendency to hold on to one's initial beliefs even after they have been shown to be false, often ignoring contradictory evidence presented.
Belief Perseverance
Stimuli or events that trigger an emotional response in an individual.
Elicitors
A personality trait marked by organization, dependability, discipline, and a goal-directed approach to life.
Conscientiousness
The tendency for individuals to feel less responsible for taking action or helping in a situation when others are present, leading to a decrease in the likelihood of intervention.
Diffusion of Responsibility
The habit of blaming our own actions on the situation but blaming other people’s actions on their personality.
Actor-Observer Bias
Shared goals that require cooperation among individuals or groups, typically overriding smaller or individual conflicts and fostering collaborative efforts.
Superordinate Goals
Occur when an individual is drawn to and repelled by the same option, leading to a conflict between the desire for a positive outcome and the fear of a negative consequence.
Approach-Avoidance Conflicts
An ego defense mechanism where negative urges and impulses are channeled into socially acceptable or constructive activities.
Sublimation