Attribution & Personality (4.1)
The type of attribution that explains behavior as a result of personality traits rather than the situation.
What is dispositional attribution?
A negative or positive evaluation of a person, group, or idea.
What is an attitude?
The type of social influence where we conform to fit in and be liked by others.
What is normative social influence?
The phenomenon where people perform better on simple tasks when observed.
What is social facilitation?
Acting to help others without expecting personal gain.
What is altruism?
The tendency to overestimate personality factors and underestimate situational factors when explaining others' behavior.
What is the fundamental attribution error?
The tendency to hold onto an initial belief even when evidence contradicts it.
What is belief perseverance?
When people accept information from others as evidence about reality.
What is informational social influence?
Loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations, often leading to deviant behavior.
What is deindividuation?
The expectation that people will help those who have helped them before.
What is the social reciprocity norm?
When someone credits their successes to themselves but blames failures on external factors.
What is the self-serving bias?
Judging all members of a group as the same, especially those outside one’s own group.
What is out-group homogeneity?
The famous study showing people would administer shocks to others when instructed by an authority figure.
What is the obedience (shock) study?
When group discussion strengthens the prevailing opinion of the group.
What is group polarization?
The effect where individuals are less likely to help when others are present.
What is the bystander effect?
A belief that one can control one's own outcomes versus believing that external forces dominate.
What is internal vs. external locus of control?
Unconscious, automatic attitudes that affect our judgments and behavior.
What are implicit attitudes?
Changing behavior due to a small request first, which sets up agreement with a larger request.
What is the foot-in-the-door technique?
When a group makes poor decisions due to the desire for harmony and conformity.
What is groupthink?
Helping behavior guided by a sense of moral duty, not personal gain.
What is the social responsibility norm?
Expecting future events to go well, often influencing outcomes positively through behavior.
What is an optimistic explanatory style?
The idea that people get what they deserve in life, leading to victim-blaming.
What is the just-world phenomenon?
A cognitive route in persuasion where people focus on arguments and evidence.
What is the central route of the elaboration likelihood model?
A cultural orientation emphasizing the goals of the group over the individual.
What is collectivism?
Resources or behaviors where individual short-term gain leads to long-term collective loss.
What is a social trap?