Political
change from 1750-1900
change from 1750-1900
How does the resistance to colonialism due to enlightenment ideas politically change revolutions.
Spread of Enlightenment philosophy
Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau
Spread of nationalism→ new states
Unification of Italy & Germany
Balkans independence from Ottoman empire
Revolutions for independence change governments
American, French, Haitian, Creole
Anti-colonial movements
Propaganda movement
Maori nationalism
How does social change affect the spread of human rights movement?
Spread of human rights movements
Feminism & women’s suffrage
Seneca Falls
Abolitionism -ending slavery
End of serfdom
How does economic change affect the rise of industrialization?
New economic theories become dominant
Adam Smith & free market capitalism
Rise of factory system & industrialization
Factory system begins in Britain w/ natural resources like coal, new inventions, political protection of property, colonial holdings, urbanization…
Inventions: steam engine, water frame, interchangeable parts
Spreads to US, Western Europe, Russia, Japan
New technology to support production & labor: steam engine, steamships, railroads, telegraph, telephone…
2nd IR focus on oil, coal, electricity, steel, chemicals
How does environmental change affect the industrialization lead to environmental challenges.
Negative environmental effects
air/ water pollution
Lots of burning of fossil fuels with no regulation
Waste being dumped into rivers
Why did people call for reform and change in the industrial societies?
Poor work conditions- all the problems in factories (such as low pay, dangerous conditions, long hours) motivated people to work to improve them
Poor living conditions - all these problems (such as pollution, overcrowded housing) motivated changes for a better lifestyle
How does government interventions in industrialization affect political change in revolutions?
ention in industrialization
State sponsored industrialization in China, Japan, Ottoman Empire
Self Strengthening movement after loss of Opium Wars
Meiji Restoration
Muhammad Ali & textile production + Tanizmat
Government intervention in labor practices
New laws to prevent child labor + horrible work conditions
How does social change of revolutions affect new industrial social classes
New social classes
Industrial working class, new middle class of skilled workers, upper class of factory owners
Upper classes have higher standard of living with mass production of goods while lower class has bad work/living conditions in slums
Women’s roles
Lower class women as industrial workers
Middle/upper class women= cult of domesticity
Hoe does economic change affect industrialization with new labor practices ?
Labor practices
Horrible working conditions for children + working class
communism/ socialism to help poor working class
Robert Owen & socialism
Karl Marx & communism
Labor unions
How does agricultural improvements and technology affect industrialization?
More tech like seed drill helps speed up crop production and farming→ more food which can feed growing population. Increased population leads to more workers to work factory jobs and more people to consume goods so industrialization is needed
Interchangeable parts means that all products are made using the same parts and pieces so factory work is more efficient and easy→ increased industrialization
How did industrialization change social hierarchies?
of living - mainly factory workers- very low pay and low status- did not have the right to vote, etc.
New middle class - Made enough to have extra money- could buy extra clothes, etc.- had more status and power than workers
Upper class w/ higher standard of living - tended to be factory owners, bankers, or businessmen- made the most money in the hierarchy- only nobles who still owned land were as wealthy
How did industrialization spread around the world?
United States
Russia (state sponsored)
US becomes industrial power by early 1800s through the aid of immigrant labor
Russia becomes industrial power later by 1900 as the government sponsors and leads the state into industrialization
How did gender roles change due to industrialization?
Cult of domesticity for upper class women- Since upper class men made more money, women could stay at home and manage the household - expected to care for children, manage chores, etc.
How does economic change affect industrialization changes in manufacturing and creating new institutions to manage resources?
Increased profits for industrialized nations & decreased profits for non-industrial nations
Egypt, India lose out in textile & shipbuilding production to industrial nations who can produce goods for less money and time
Economic developments & institutions
Rise of consumerism
Development of businesses based on capitalism like stock market, transnational corporations, monopolies…
How does access to natural resources affect industrialization?
Consider coal, iron, access to waterways
Having coal helps to power steam engine which provides power for machinery in factories. Iron is used to create machines and railroads to transport factory made goods. Waterways help to ship goods.
Consider resources from colonies
Raw materials and resources from colonies like timber and cotton help to create machines and factories
What was the self strengthening movement?
Chinese reform effort focused mainly on the military and economy.
What are the effects of state sponsored industrializations?
China
Self strengthening movement- tried to modernize military, but resisted total western-style industrialization
Some internal resistance→ not as strong
Ottoman Empire
Tanzimat- a bit more industrializing than in China, but still trying to keep traditions
Internal resistance to reform→ not as strong
Japan
Meiji Restoration - totally embraced western-style industrialization- built factories, modernized military, built cities, etc.
Who was John Locke?
A English philosopher who opposed the divine right of kings and who asserted that people have natural right to life, liberty and property.
How does accumulation of capital and private property affect industrialization?
Consider private ownership
People being able to own their own money and profits encourages entrepreneurship and business creation which furthers industrialization
What is the Haitianas Revolution?
Slaves and freedom black Haitians successfully fought against the French to gain independence and abolish slavery.
What is the word called for organizations of workers who fought for the right to bargain and make contracts with employers.
Labor Unions
Who was Thomas Hobbes?
A political philosopher who advocated absolute monarchy as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by selfishness of human beings.
What was the French revolution?
The revolution that began in 1789 overthrew the absolute monarchy of Bourbon and the system of aristocratics privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the directory and seizure of the power 1799.
How does various types of technology affect economic production?
Railroads & steamships-can ship goods far distances→ more trade
Telegraph-leads to more communication to help trade and business deals happen
Who was Simon Bolivar?
Venezuelan creole who fought against the Spanish and established the independent area called Gran Colombia.
What was White collar?
The new middle class who had education and skills to become professionals,small business owners, and factory managers